Morphological classification of rat cortical neurons in cell culture

Kriegstein, AR; Ma, Dan

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.03-08-01634.1983

Cited by 133 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…8A). The connectivity in these cultured networks is not spatially homogeneous but because of density and developmental effects, tends to be clustered and includes long-range connections (Kriegstein and Dichter 1983;Soriano et al 2008). This likely contributes to a rich set of connection motives, resulting in a broad range of response delays and directions of propagation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative examination of stimulus-response relations in cortical networks in vitro

Weihberger

Okujeni

Mikkonen

et al. 2013

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Variable responses of neuronal networks to repeated sensory or electrical stimuli reflect the interaction of the stimulus' response with ongoing activity in the brain and its modulation by adaptive mechanisms, such as cognitive context, network state, or cellular excitability and synaptic transmission capability. Here, we focus on reliability, length, delays, and variability of evoked responses with respect to their spatial distribution, interaction with spontaneous activity in the networks, and the contribution of GABAergic inhibition. We identified network-intrinsic principles that underlie the formation and modulation of spontaneous activity and stimulus-response relations with the use of state-dependent stimulation in generic neuronal networks in vitro. The duration of spontaneously recurring network-wide bursts of spikes was best predicted by the length of the preceding interval. Length, delay, and structure of responses to identical stimuli systematically depended on stimulus timing and distance to the stimulation site, which were described by a set of simple functions of spontaneous activity. Response length at proximal recording sites increased with the duration of prestimulus inactivity and was best described by a saturation function y(t) ϭ A(1 Ϫ e Ϫ␣t ). Concomitantly, the delays of polysynaptic late responses at distant sites followed an exponential decay y(t) ϭ Be Ϫ␤t ϩ C. In addition, the speed of propagation was determined by the overall state of the network at the moment of stimulation. Disinhibition increased the number of spikes/network burst and interburst interval length at unchanged gross firing rate, whereas the response modulation by the duration of prestimulus inactivity was preserved. Our data suggest a process of network depression during bursts and subsequent recovery that limit evoked responses following distinct rules. We discuss shortterm synaptic depression due to depletion of neurotransmitter vesicles as an underlying mechanism. The seemingly unreliable patterns of spontaneous activity and stimulus-response relations thus follow a predictable structure determined by the interdependencies of network structures and activity states.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative examination of stimulus-response relations in cortical networks in vitro

Weihberger

Okujeni

Mikkonen

et al. 2013

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…The cell types within the VRC, NTS, and the cortex are heterogeneous (29,24,40). Because our recordings were performed in slices, we cannot correlate neuronal recordings and drug responses with specific cell types.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hibernation induces pentobarbital insensitivity in medulla but not cortex

Hengen¹,

Behan²,

Carey³

et al. 2009

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Hengen KB, Behan M, Carey HV, Jones MV, Johnson SM. Hibernation induces pentobarbital insensitivity in medulla but not cortex. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297: R1028-R1036, 2009. First published August 12, 2009 doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00239.2009.-The 13-lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus), a hibernating species, is a natural model of physiological adaption to an extreme environment. During torpor, body temperature drops to 0 -4°C, and the cortex is electrically silent, yet the brain stem continues to regulate cardiorespiratory function. The mechanisms underlying selective inhibition in the brain during torpor are not known. To test whether altered GABAergic function is involved in regional and seasonal differences in neuronal activity, cortical and medullary slices from summer-active (SA) and interbout aroused (IBA) squirrels were placed in a standard in vitro recording chamber. Silicon multichannel electrodes were placed in cortex, ventral respiratory column (VRC), and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) to record spontaneous neuronal activity. In slices from IBA squirrels, bath-applied pentobarbital sodium (300 M) nearly abolished cortical neuronal activity, but VRC and NTS neuronal activity was unaltered. In contrast, pentobarbital sodium (300 M) nearly abolished all spontaneous cortical, VRC, and NTS neuronal activity in slices from SA squirrels. Muscimol (20 M; GABAA receptor agonist) abolished all neuronal activity in cortical and medullary slices from both IBA and SA squirrels, thereby demonstrating the presence of functional GABAA receptors. Pretreatment of cortical slices from IBA squirrels with bicuculline (100 M; GABAA receptor antagonist) blocked pentobarbital-dependent inhibition of spontaneous neuronal activity. We hypothesize that GABAA receptors undergo a seasonal modification in subunit composition, such that cardiorespiratory neurons are uniquely unaffected by surges of an endogenous positive allosteric modulator.␥-aminobutyric acid receptors; ventral respiratory groups; nucleus tractus solitarius; respiratory control DURING WINTER HIBERNATING, mammals enter a state of torpor, defined by dramatically reduced metabolic and physical activity and low body temperature (T b ). The torpid state is interrupted periodically by interbout arousals to euthermia (T b ϭ 37°C) that generally last less than 24 h (3, 8). During torpor bouts, T b drops to just above ambient temperature and can approach 0°C, and respiration and heart rate drop as low as 1% of euthermic values (39,71). Neurons in the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus are electrically silent in torpid hibernators (14, 67). Despite evidence for global forebrain depression, torpid hibernators maintain a robust, neuronally regulated cardiorespiratory output (37,25,41), suggesting that respiratoryand cardiovascular-related neurons in the brain stem remain active. The mechanisms that selectively depress the forebrain during hibernation are not well understood and may contribute to hibernators' unique ability to survive ischemia, hyp...

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“…As in our previous investigation (Wu and Barish, 1992b), recordings were made from neurons identified as pyramidal based on the presence of a triangular perikaryon with one prominent apical dendrite and several shorter basilar dendrites (see also Banker and Cowan, 1979;Kriegstein and Dichter, 1983). Examples of the neurons studied are shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Astroglial modulation of transient potassium current development in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons

Barish

1994

J. Neurosci.

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Hippocampal neurons exhibit three voltage-gated potassium currents, two transient currents and a delayed rectifier, that influence numerous aspects of electrogenesis including action potential duration and accommodation to sustained depolarization. These currents, termed A-, D- , and K-currents, respectively, can be distinguished based on kinetics, steady state inactivation characteristics, and sensitivity to 4- aminopyridine (see Wu and Barish, 1992b). We have compared the voltage- gated potassium currents in voltage-clamped pyramidally shaped cultured hippocampal neurons growing on or touching glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing astroglia (termed on-glia or touching-glia neurons, respectively) with those in similar neurons growing directly on a coated glass substrate (termed off-glia neurons). We observed differences in the wave forms of total potassium current that correlated with the extent of astroglial contact. After 5–7 d in culture, A-current amplitude in off-glial neurons was approximately 19% of that of neurons growing in the normal (for culture) on-glia configuration. D-current amplitude tended to be larger in these off- glia neurons. Neurons in contact with astroglia had greater membrane area than off-glia neurons. Comparison of current densities (current at a fixed voltage normalized to capacitance and expressed in units of pA/pF) indicated that A-currents were the major component of transient potassium current in on- and touching-glia neurons, while D-currents were more dominant in off-glia neurons. Astroglia influenced membrane currents by a surface- or extracellular matrix-associated mechanism, rather than by free diffusion of a soluble factor, as differences were observed between closely adjacent neurons on the same coverslip. Living glia were required, as potassium currents in neurons grown on dried or methanol-fixed glia resembled those of off-glia neurons. On-glia neurons in cultures treated with an RNA synthesis inhibitor [DRB (5,6- dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole)] for 5–7 d had reduced whole-cell capacitance and A-current amplitude. This effect was localized to DRB actions on underlying astroglia, not on the neurons. Action potentials elicited by current injection varied with astroglial contact. In on-glia neurons with relatively larger A-currents a delay was seen in the onset of firing after depolarization. In contrast, action potentials in off-glia neurons rose smoothly after initiation of depolarization. We conclude that astrocytes modulate the appearance of transient potassium currents in hippocampal pyramidal neurons by inducing development of A-current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Morphological classification of rat cortical neurons in cell culture

Cited by 133 publications

References 23 publications

Quantitative examination of stimulus-response relations in cortical networks in vitro

Quantitative examination of stimulus-response relations in cortical networks in vitro

Hibernation induces pentobarbital insensitivity in medulla but not cortex

Astroglial modulation of transient potassium current development in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons

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