Morphological and Chemical Relationships in Nanotubes Formed by Anodizing of Ti6al4v Alloy

Abstract

The electrochemical formation of oxide nanotubes on the Ti6Al4V alloy has been so far difficult due to easy dissolution of vanadium reach β-phase of the two phase material. Due to the topographical heterogeneity of the anodic layer in nano and microscale at anodizing of the Ti6Al4V alloy we focused to establish the relationships between nanotube diameters on both phases of the alloy and fluorides concentration in electrolyte. We studied the effect of fluoride concentration (0.5-0.7 wt.%) in 99% ethylene glycol on morphological parameters of nanotube layer on the Ti6Al4V alloy anodized at 20V for 20 min. Nanotubes with diameter ~40-50 nm ±5nm on the entire Ti6Al4V alloy surface in electrolyte containing 0.6% wt. NH 4 F were obtained. Microscale roughness studies revealed that nanotubular layer on α-phase is thicker than on β-phase. The annealing of nanotube layers at 600°C for 2h in air, nitrogen and argon, typically performed to improve their electrical properties, influenced chemical composition and morphology of nanotubes on the Ti6Al4V alloy. The vanadium oxides (VO 2 , V 2 O 3 , V 2 O 5) were present in surface nanotube layer covering both phases of the alloy and the shape of nanotubes was preserved after annealing in nitrogen.

A Novel Methodology for Economical Scale-Up of TiO2 Nanotubes Fabricated on Ti and Ti Alloys

“…e data presented above were proportional to the previously reported studies [48,69,80]. e nanotube dimensions, morphology, and EDS analysis of the anodised Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy specimens showed a similar trend to those reported in previous publications [79,[89][90][91][92]. e EDS analysis revealed that the anodic layer was composed of titanium, aluminium, vanadium, oxygen, and traces of carbon and fluorine.…”

Mixed oxide nanotubes in nanomedicine: A dead-end or a bridge to the future?

“…One of the pioneering efforts to utilize electrochemical anodization as an innovative approach for the surface modification of Ti-based alloys was performed by Dunn et al [ 221 , 222 ], where porous surface coatings are formed by anodization and incorporating antibiotics onto the oxide surface. Zwilling et al [ 223 ] also reported that anodization on Ti and Ti–6Al–4V alloys in the F − ion solution is an effective approach to attain tunable tubular oxide layers under different anodization conditions [ 16 , 17 , 65 , 133 , [224] , [225] , [226] , [227] , [228] , [229] , [230] , [231] , [232] , [233] , [234] , [235] , [236] , [237] , [238] , [239] , [240] , [241] , [242] , [243] , [244] , [245] , [246] , [247] , [248] , [249] , [250] , [251] , [252] , [253] , [254] , [255] , [256] , [257] , [258] , [259] , [260] , [261] , [262] ]. Since the Ti–6Al–4V alloy is a dual-phase alloy, the development kinetics of nanotubes are dissimilar for the α and β phases [ 69 ].…”

Coating of Nanotube Ti6Al4V Alloy with Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan-Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite

“…According to the research of Kaczmarek-Pawelska and Krasicka-Cydzik [7], the oxide layers that can form on titanium metal are TiO2, Al2O3, VO2, V2O3, and V2O5. The Ti6Al4V metal alloys used in this study were given 2 treatments, without anodization and anodization.…”

“…The aqueous electrolyte selected in this study was NH4F 0.6% (w/v) in a mixture of ethylene glycol and water with a ratio of 9:1. According to the research of Kaczmarek-Pawelska and Krasicka-Cydzik [7], the concentration of 0.6% (w/v) NH4F in ethylene glycol and water mixtures can form nanotubes in Ti6Al4V metal alloys with a diameter of 50±5 nm. Ethylene glycol is chosen because of its properties as one of the high viscosities (viscous) organic electrolytes.…”

“…Metal surface modification of alloys can be done by making nanotubes. The techniques of making nanotubes used in this study were through anodization [7]. Titanium coated composites are used because these metals have good capability to increase osteoblast bonds and can trigger cell development.…”