Morphological and Agronomic Characterization of Spanish Landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Abstract

Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) originated on the American continent, specifically in the Mesoamerican zone, and their domestication took place independently in the Mesoamerican area and the Andean zone, giving rise to two well-differentiated genetic pools. It was also noted that the Andean wild populations originated from only a few thousand individuals from the Mesoamerican wild populations, which produced a great bottleneck in the formation of the Andean population. During centuries of cultivation in the Iberian Peninsula after its introduction in the 16th century, beans adapted to new environments, evolving numerous local landraces. Twenty-four local landraces of P. vulgaris from Spain were analyzed in the greenhouse during two consecutive seasons. From each genotype, five plants were grown and characterized for 17 quantitative and 15 qualitative traits using the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) descriptors. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis. The results obtained indicate a high variability for most traits, especially those related to the yield and its components. The PCA and cluster analysis separated the landraces according to the color of the seed, the yield, and the pod and seed traits related to yield. Numerous traits exhibited interactions between the genotype and the environment. Most accessions reached higher yields in spring, in which solar radiation favors photosynthesis and, consequently, photoassimilation. The different response to the changing environment of the set of accessions studied in the present work is of great interest, and it can be exploited in breeding cultivars adapted to a broader range of environmental conditions.

Number of Experiments that Should be Considered in the Cluster Analysis of Common Bean Genotypes for Plant Architecture and Grain Yield Traits

“…The lowest CCC was obtained in the UPGMA cluster analysis performed with data obtained in the 2016 rainy (0.5591) and the largest CCC was found with data obtained in the 2017 dry (0.9335) season crops (Figure 1), all of which were signi cant at 1% probability by the t test. A similar amplitude of variation was observed for CCC values obtained in the UPGMA cluster analysis, considering agronomic and/or morphological traits evaluated in one (Gonçalves et al 2014(Gonçalves et al , 2016, two (Arteaga et al 2019) and three (Cabral et al 2011) experiments with different common bean genotypes. The closer to one the CCC value, the greater the adjustment between the cophenetic matrix and the dissimilarity matrix based on the Mahalanobis' generalized distance, resulting in greater cluster reliability (Cabral et al 2011).…”

“…Group 1 contained the line TB 02-19 and group II was composed of other carioca and black common bean lines and cultivars. When the UPGMA cluster analysis was applied to morphological traits evaluated in two experiments with common bean genotypes, it was also possible to group the genotypes into just two groups (Guidoti et al 2018;Arteaga et al 2019). In the present study, it was not possible to gather in different groups carioca and black common bean genotypes for the plant architecture and grain yield traits.…”

Agro-Morphological Exploration of Some Unexplored Wild Vigna Legumes for Domestication

“…They could also be directly or indirected affected by the variations in temperature and rainfall, as per the earlier explanation [20,21]. The significant effect of the season on the number of flowers per raceme and pods per plant has also been reported in relation to the landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) [24,25]. These two traits also need to be considered in any attempt at domestication.…”

The Use of Proline in Screening for Tolerance to Drought and Salinity in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes

“…Beans from both origins were introduced to Spain in the 16th century [14][15][16], where they had to adapt to the new environmental conditions, which were very different from those in their native areas. The cropping system in small farms, spread in proximal areas, allowed the genetic flow between genotypes of Mesoamerican and Andean origin [17]. Due to centuries of bean cultivation, the Iberian Peninsula has become a secondary centre of diversification of this species [18].…”