Morphological analysis on comparison of organic and chemical fertilizers on grain quality of rice at different planting densities

Abstract

Effects of organic (Italian ryegrass and Bokashi) and chemical fertilizer on growth, yield, and grain quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were compared under different planting densities in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. Italian ryegrass was incorporated into the soil as green manure. Bokashi (a mixture of organic materials) was applied as basal dressing. To measure yield and its components, 30 hills were chosen for each treatment. Rice grains were harvested from each treatment to assess the grain quality and to evaluate accumulation structures using a scanning electron microscope. Bokashi treatment increased panicle number per hill, ripened grain percentage, panicle number per m 2 , and grain yield compared to no fertilizer treatment at normal planting density. Chemical fertilizer treatment increased plant length at high planting density. Italian ryegrass and Bokashi treatments promoted the taste point (taste score as reference) by reduction of amylose and protein contents at normal planting density in contrast to chemical fertilizer. 1000-grain weight, panicle number per m 2 , and grain yield were higher at high planting density than at normal planting density. However, high planting density decreased panicle number per hill and spikelet number per panicle. It also enhanced the amylose content of rice grain. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed that chemical fertilizer treatment marked up protein bodies and their traces on amyloplasts. However, Bokashi treatment produced large amyloplasts, which included many starch granules. These results show that Italian ryegrass and Bokashi can offset reductions of chemical fertilizer and can lead to sufficient starch accumulation structures in rice grains.

Morphological Observation and Correlation of Growth and Yield Characteristics with Grain Quality and Antioxidant Activities in Exotic Rice Varieties of Afghanistan

“…Protein accounts for about 8% of the endosperm in rice grain and fills the space between starch granules and amyloplasts [11]. Such protein bodies are the main form of endosperm protein and vary from 0.5 to 4 µm in size, and are spherical in shape [37][38][39].…”

Efficacy of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea Mutation on Physicochemical Properties, Phytochemicals, and Momilactones A and B in Rice

“…Low amylose content in rice grain leads to exhibit softness and stickiness. However, high content of it causes rice grain to become hard, fracture during the milling process, and produce more broken grains [7][8][9]. Protein and lipid contents are important elements in the nutritional value of rice grain [10].…”

“…On the other hand, rice grain quality is a complex character influenced by its physical and chemical compositions, especially the amount of amylose, protein, and lipid contents [7,8]. These physicochemical properties of rice grain are largely affected by genotypic and environmental conditions [8,9].…”

“…These physicochemical properties of rice grain are largely affected by genotypic and environmental conditions [8,9]. High amylose content in rice grain leads to becoming hard, fluffy after cooking, and broken during the grain milling process [7,9]. However, protein and lipid contents play a vital performance in the nutritional value of rice grain [10].…”

Current Situation and Sustainable Development of Rice Cultivation and Production in Afghanistan

“…At present, more than 90% of locally milled rice is produced based on manual processes; thus, it cannot compete with imported rice which has been undergone internationally acknowledged standards of milling and preservation [11]. Although the climate of Afghanistan is suitable for producing high-yield and -quality grains of rice, it is the lack of improving new rice cultivars, professional assistance, appropriate cultivation systems, and advanced milling, processing, and preservation technologies which attribute to the low yield and quality of rice grains [12].…”