Morphologic Observation of Mucosa‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue in the Large Intestine of Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus)

Abstract

The structure and distribution of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) throughout the large intestine of 10 Bactrian camels were comparatively studied by anatomical and histological methods. The results showed that Peyer's patches (PPs) were mainly located on the mucosal surfaces of the entire ileocecal orifice, the beginning of the cecum and the first third of the colon. The shape of PPs gradually changed from "scrotiform" to "faviform" along the large intestine with the scrotiform PP as the major type in the ileocecal orifice. The distribution density also gradually decreased from the ileocecal orifice to the colon. The histological observations further revealed that the MALT in the form of PPs or isolated lymphoid follicles (ILF) and lamina propria lymphocytes was mainly present in the lamina propria and submucosa from the entire ileocecal orifice, where the muscularis mucosa is usually incomplete, to the colonic forepart. In addition, lymphoid tissue was much more abundant in the lamina propria and submucosa of the ileocecal orifice as compared to the cecum and colon. Statistically, the MALT of the ileocecal orifice contained a higher number of lymphoid follicles (37.7/10 mm 2 ) than that of the cecum, colon, or rectum (P < 0.05). The germinal centers of the lymphoid follicles were clearly visible. Together, our data suggest that the ileocecal orifice constitutes the main inductive site for the mucosal immunity in the large intestine of the Bactrian camel; and that scrotiform PPs are likely to the result of long-term adaptation of the Bactrian camel to the harsh living environment.

Impact of Dietary Supplementation of Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermented Rapeseed with or without Macroalgae on Performance and Health of Piglets Following Omission of Medicinal Zinc from Weaner Diets

“…Histomorphological examination and photographic documentation were made for jejunal villus height and crypt depth (at 10× magnification objective lens and eyepiece), jejunal epithelial height, intra-epithelial lymphocytes and stromal lymphocytes infiltration (40× objective lens and 10× eyepiece) and brush border integrity (100× objective lens and 10× eyepiece). The density of GALT structures was evaluated by counting the number of lymphoid follicles visible in 10 fields of view at 4× magnification [22]. The intra-epithelial lymphocyte infiltration was evaluated based on the following scoring scale: normal, slight, moderate, and severe, corresponding to 0-1, 10-15, 15-20 and >20 lymphocytes/100 enterocytes, respectively.…”

Bacterial community analysis on the different mucosal immune inductive sites of gastrointestinal tract in Bactrian camels

“…However, the studies about the different mucosal immune inductive sites of gastrointestinal tract has only received few attentions. Hence, based on our previous histological and structural studies of ALNA and ileal PPs in Bactrian camels [ 16 , 18 , 21 – 23 ], 16S rDNA-Illumina Miseq sequencing was used to comparatively analyze the bacteria community characteristics in ALNA and ileal PPs of Bactrian camels, moreover, the biological information hidden in them were revealed in this study.…”

Free Total Rhubarb Anthraquinones Protect Intestinal Injury via Regulation of the Intestinal Immune Response in a Rat Model of Severe Acute Pancreatitis

“…Study has shown that the intestinal barrier plays an important role in SAP ( Tian et al, 2013 ). The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in intestine constitute the intestinal immune barrier to effectively prevent the invasion of bacteria and endotoxin (ET, lipopolysaccharide) from intestine into the blood ( ZhaXi et al, 2014 ). However, bacteria and ET may pass through the intestine into the sterile abdominal cavity (peritoneum) to cause serious complications when the intestinal barrier function is weakened or damaged ( Vaishnavi, 2013 ).…”