Morale: a bibliographical review.

Child, Irvin L.

doi:10.1037/h0057043

Cited by 49 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…And it is rather clear that, in the context, this term referred to emotions, to feelings, to affect, to hedonic states. Other sources made frequent use of the term 'morale' (e.g., Child 1941). Child's review noted three different conceptions of morale.…”

Section: Historical Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gist of the foregoing argument is that the relationship between morale and work behavior might be understated by the existing empirical record, if indeed the usual measures of morale are leaning much more heavily on cognition than affect. The original conception of morale (e.g., Child 1941), and the conception undoubtedly held by most laymen, is one that presumes a sizeable dose of positive affect. Scholars have, upon reviewing the available data, conceded more of a connection between satisfaction and turnover or absenteeism than between satisfaction and on-the-job behavior.…”

Section: Affect Vs Cognition In Relation To Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cognition vs Affect in Measures of Job Satisfaction

Organ¹,

Near²

1985

International Journal of Psychology

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The authors find reasons to question whether conventional measures of job satisfaction capture the original conception of 'morale'. In particular, evidence suggests that these measures reflect primarily cognitive evaluation rather than affective state or hedonic tone. Recent developments indicate that cognitive and affective systems may be somewhat independent of each other.Questions are raised concerning the appropriate means of measuring affect, as well as whether the antecedents and consequences of affect are expected to differ from those associated with cognitive appraisal.Several years ago, the first autor attempted to reconcile the folk wisdom belief that 'satisfaction causes performance' with the empirical record that finds little evidence for this proposition. In brief, the argument suggested that the layman's conception of 'performance' referred to dimensions of behavior not captured by the measures used in research. Pursuing the implications of this premise led to the conclusion that a respectable case could be made that job satisfaction would elicit certain types of constructive behaviors in the work situation (Organ 1977).Perhaps attention should have been directed to a possibly more important distinction between the layman's meaning of 'morale' and the referent of job satisfaction measures used in research. Developments occumng on several different fronts in psychology converge toward the imperative that we ponder carefully what actually registers in the conventional, and widely-used measures of job satisfaction. We do not airily call into question the value of instrumects so painstakingly constructed and refined over the last few decades. Nor do we suggest that these instruments lack validity, i.e., fail to capture the construct of satisfation. Indeed, our criticismif one were to call it suchis

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Section: Historical Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Affect Vs Cognition In Relation To Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognition vs Affect in Measures of Job Satisfaction

Organ¹,

Near²

1985

International Journal of Psychology

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“…T h e mean score made on reading comprehension is equivalent to the grade norm of 11.45k1.6 and on reading vocabulary it is 11.1k1. 7. T h e class ranks at the thirty-fifth percentile on the social science vocabulary test.…”

Section: The Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DEFINING AND MEASURING MORALET h e definitions of morale suggested by those who have studied the problem in relation to the adjustment of individuals in different social circumstances and conditions of group activity have been reviewed in other studies (4,7,10,14,15). Only those concepts of morale which seem applicable to an interpretation of this study will be referred to here.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Morale of a Group of Senior High-School Girls

Bolton

English

1944

The Journal of Psychology

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A. DEFINING AND MEASURING MORALET h e definitions of morale suggested by those who have studied the problem in relation to the adjustment of individuals in different social circumstances and conditions of group activity have been reviewed in other studies (4,7,10,14,15). Only those concepts of morale which seem applicable to an interpretation of this study will be referred to here. G. W. Allport thinks that morale has to do with individual attitude in group endeavor and that it is characterized by three essential features, two of which are personal and private and the third is largely social. An individual, according to his view, to have good morale, must have convictions and values; he must be aware of tasks to do in order to defend and extend his values and there must be essential harmony between his values and aims and those of his group. H e defines national morale in a democratic society as follows: " B y high national morale w e mean (a) the healthful state of the convictions cmd values in the individual citizen that endows him w i t h abundant energy and confidence in facing the future: ( b ) his decisive, self-disciplined e f f o r t t o achieve specific objectives that derive f r o m his personal convictions and values: and ( c ) the agreement among citizens (especially in times of crisis) in respect. t o their convictions and values and the coordination of their efforts in attaining objectives" (15, p. 5 ) . According to this view, one method of evaluating individual and group morale in the present war crisis would be by measuring those attitudes which reveal the values of the individuals within a given group, their attitude of willingness to make sacrifices through their participation in the war effort and their confidence in the leadership of the national government in this endeavor.Sanford and Holt, on the basis of a review of the studies of morale available before January, 1943, conclude that, "Morale is a complex of basic physical and mental states and tendencies and attitudes" (14, p. 93). For practical purposes of morale building and morale measurement, they advance *Received in the Editorial Office on November 8, 1943, and published immediately at Provincetown, Massachusetts. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY the hypothesis that, in addition to personal factors of physical and mental well-being and a feeling of security in one's economic and family relationships and in one's religious values, there are attitudes toward the war effort and participation in it with the Allied Nations which are factors in morale.T h e attitudes assumed to be determinants of morale are: ( a ) an acceptance of the significance of the war goals of our nation; ( b ) a belief in the significance of one's participation in the war effort; ( c ) confidence in the accuracy of the source of one's information, both historical and present, about the war, the difficulties to be encountered and the progress being made in fighting the w a r ; ( d ) confidence in the leaders of the war effort; ( e ) an acceptance of our common cause with the...

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“…The group approach to psychology gained momentum from the Second World War with the work of Kurt Lewin and others who made groups, especially small ones, central to their theories. 2 There was a signifi cant literature on the problem of morale in the interwar period (see Child 1941 ), which concerns mostly soldiers and workers. David B.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free Riding

Fontaine

2014

J Hist Econ Thought

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Following the publication of The Logic of Collective Action by Mancur Olson in 1965, the notion of free riding gained wide currency in economics. The idea of enjoying the benefi ts of collective action without incurring the corresponding costs seemed to shed light on a number of major issues in American society at a time when social ills of various kinds prompted policy makers to reconsider the conditions of social cohesion. Gradually, free riding became to be regarded as the standard behavior of people placed in certain circumstances rather than the exception confi rming the rule that people pay for what they get.In this article, after reviewing the various meanings associated with the term free riding (and free rider ), I follow the notion from the late 1930s to the early 1970s. I show that though it was used to tackle problems in fi elds as diverse as fi nance and labor-the study of which betrays the usual tensions between the free market and government intervention-from the mid-1960s, the notion increasingly conveyed a message about society as a whole. That an economic notion could serve such a purpose is another indication of the permeation of society by economic reasoning.

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Morale: a bibliographical review.

Cited by 49 publications

References 54 publications

Cognition vs Affect in Measures of Job Satisfaction

Cognition vs Affect in Measures of Job Satisfaction

Morale of a Group of Senior High-School Girls

Free Riding

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