Moral typecasting: Divergent perceptions of moral agents and moral patients.

Gray, Kurt; Wegner, Daniel M.

doi:10.1037/a0013748

Cited by 389 publications

(499 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Gray and Wegner (2009) proposed that moral judgments possess a fundamental structure in which parties involved are pigeon holed into either a perpetrator (agent) or a victim (patient), a process known as "moral typecasting" (see also Ward (2014) andSchein andGray (2017)). Viewed in this light, perhaps the inverse effects of legitimacy on police and civilian evaluations of violence reflect the tendency of low legitimacy individuals to ascribe patiency primarily to citizens, while high legitimacy ascribe patiency more to police.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lay evaluations of police and civilian use of force: Moral and physical magnitude ratings of officer and civilian actions

Celestin¹

2018

Preprint

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Most police agencies in the United States rely on a rank-ordered categorization of forceful actions, along with decision heuristics for appropriate force options in response to civilian actions. We had lay people rate the moral and physical severity of officer reactions to civilian actions, and vice versa. The actions were representative of the entire range of force options in official police policy and realistic police-civilian conflicts. Results showed that ratings of moral severity of a reaction decreased as severity of the initial action increased, and that ratings of both police and civilian reactions were modulated by individual differences in beliefs about police legitimacy. High-legitimacy participants tended to rate lethal police actions following lethal civilian actions as acceptable, but low-legitimacy participants rated lethal police actions much lower. Thus, higher legitimacy seems to yield a willingness to accept lethal police force if civilian resistance is sufficiently severe, while individuals with low legitimacy may never perceive lethal police actions as acceptable. Similarly, low-legitimacy participants were much more accepting of civilian violence against police than high-legitimacy participants, and rated violent civilian reactions as deserving less severe punishment. High-legitimacy participants also tended to rate low-severity police reactions as insufficient when civilian actions were severe, but lowlegitimacy participants did not. Finally, even when actions and re-actions were exactly matched, more severe officer and civilian actions both tended to be perceived as somewhat excessive for all participants regardless of legitimacy beliefs, though likely for different reasons. USE-OF-FORCE APPROPRIATENESS 2

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lay evaluations of police and civilian use of force: Moral and physical magnitude ratings of officer and civilian actions

Celestin¹

2018

Preprint

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“…People assign moral concern on the basis of an individual's perceived capacity to suffer, but also believe that those people who elicit moral concern suffer more if harmed (H. Gray et al, 2007;K. Gray & Wegner, 2009).…”

Section: Sexual Objectification Increases Rape Victim Blame and Decrementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The perpetrator bears the moral responsibility for the act, and the victim possesses the moral rights which have been violated (K. Gray & Wegner, 2009). If judgments of victimhood rely on the elicitation of moral concern, then removing moral concern should undermine victim status.…”

Section: Sexual Objectification Increases Rape Victim Blame and Decrementioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Objectification Increases Rape Victim Blame and Decreases Perceived Suffering

Loughnan

Pina

Vasquez

et al. 2013

Psychology of Women Quarterly

173

228

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Sexual objectification changes the way people view women by reducing them to sexual objects—denied humanity and an internal mental life, as well as deemed unworthy of moral concern. However, the subsequent consequences of sexually objectifying others remain underresearched. In the current study, we examined the impact of objectification in the domain of sexual assault. Sixty British undergraduate students were recruited to complete an impression formation task. We manipulated objectification by presenting participants with either a sexualized or nonsexualized woman. Participants rated the woman’s mind and the extent to which they felt moral concern for her. They then learned that she was the victim of an acquaintance rape and reported victim blame and both blatant and subtle perceptions of her suffering. Consistent with prior research, sexualized women were objectified through a denial of mental states and moral concern. Further, compared with nonobjectified women, the objectified were perceived to be more responsible for being raped. Interestingly, although no difference emerged for blatant measures of suffering, participants tacitly denied the victims’ suffering by exhibiting changes in moral concern for the victim. We conclude that objectification has important consequences for how people view victims of sexual assault. Our findings reveal that sexual objectification can have serious consequences and we discuss how these might influence how victims cope and recover from sexual assault.

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“…Another possible source of moral motivations is a broader "justice motive" (15,16), which drives people to correct moral transgressions and to seek equity and fairness. The moral dyads theory (17,18) offers a different perspective, suggesting that people alter or distort incoming moral information to cohere with a cognitive template that describes people's prototypical views of moral situations. This theory acknowledges both motivated and unmotivated processes that can lead to such distortions, but tends to place greater emphasis on the unmotivated processes (19).…”

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confidence: 99%

Perceived intent motivates people to magnify observed harms

Ames

Fiske

2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Existing moral psychology research commonly explains certain phenomena in terms of a motivation to blame. However, this motivation is not measured directly, but rather is inferred from other measures, such as participants' judgments of an agent's blameworthiness. The present paper introduces new methods for assessing this theoretically important motivation, using tools drawn from animal-model research. We test these methods in the context of recent "harm-magnification" research, which shows that people often overestimate the damage caused by intentional (versus unintentional) harms. A preliminary experiment exemplifies this work and also rules out an alternative explanation for earlier harm-magnification results. Exp. 1 asks whether intended harm motivates blame or merely demonstrates the actor's intrinsic blameworthiness. Consistent with a motivational interpretation, participants freely chose blaming, condemning, and punishing over other appealing tasks in an intentional-harm condition, compared with an unintentional-harm condition. Exp. 2 also measures motivation but with converging indicators of persistence (effort, rate, and duration) in blaming. In addition to their methodological contribution, these studies also illuminate people's motivational responses to intentional harms. Perceived intent emerges as catalyzing a motivated social cognitive process related to social prediction and control.intent | motivation | harm | blame | morality

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Moral typecasting: Divergent perceptions of moral agents and moral patients.

Cited by 389 publications

References 58 publications

Lay evaluations of police and civilian use of force: Moral and physical magnitude ratings of officer and civilian actions

Lay evaluations of police and civilian use of force: Moral and physical magnitude ratings of officer and civilian actions

Sexual Objectification Increases Rape Victim Blame and Decreases Perceived Suffering

Perceived intent motivates people to magnify observed harms

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