Moral Orientation and Moral Development [1987]

Adolescents’ emotion attributions and expectations of behavior in situations involving moral conflict

“…The question of whether there are genderrelated differences in moral thinking is somewhat controversial. Gilligan's (1982Gilligan's ( , 1987 thesis of gender differences in moral reasoning has been put into doubt by several studies indicating that men and women do not differ in terms of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning (e.g., Pratt, Diessner, Hunsberger, Pancer, & Savoy, 1991;Wark & Krebs, 1996) and that girls and boys do not differ during childhood (Walker, de Vries, & Trevethan, 1987). Similarly, some studies of altruistic behavior have not found any gender differences (Oliner & Oliner, 1988; for a review, see Geras, 1995).…”

University Students’ Perceptions Regarding Ethical Marketing Practices: Affecting Change Through Instructional Techniques

“…By the late 1960's, cognitive psychology began to replace behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and Gestalt psychology, but in the late 1980's the metaphor of ''gestalt shifts'' re-emerged in the literature to explain how two people can have different insights into the same moral dilemma (i.e., business ethics). During this period, a seminal article by Carol Gilligan (1987) posed the question, ''do people articulate concerns about justice and concerns about care in discussing moral dilemma?'' Her research suggested that individuals could move back and forth between a justice framework and a care-oriented framework.…”

Does acceptance of corporate wrongdoing begin on the “training ground” of professional managers?

“…Gender socialization theory, tracing back to the works of Freud (1992), Piaget (1932), and Mead (1934), argues that males and females go through distinct gender role socialization and different interpersonal orientations in their lives. As a result, men and women differ markedly in their ethical orientations at maturity (see Gilligan, 1982Gilligan, , 1987. In the literature of business ethics studies, gender was reported on more than any other single variable (Ford & Richardson, 1994).…”