In reviewing the course of liberal education in the US during the 20th century, Bruce Kimball in 1995 proposed that a pragmatic consensus was emerging about the understanding of liberal education. T he two-fold tradition of liberal education, with its shifting emphases and accommodations between`orators' and`philosophers,' was being transformed into a`new American tradition of liberal education deeply rooted in the resurgent intellectual tradition of pragmatism' . A number of di erent, even contradictory, criticisms of Kimball' s thesis have been o ered concerning the existence and nature of such a consensus and its relationship(s) to pragmatism. We suggest that the consensus thesisÐ and the criticisms it has encounteredÐ might be best understood by comparing it to Rawls' s idea of an`overlapping consensus' . Comparing and contrasting Kimball' s project and Rawls's approach suggests that the emerging consensus concerning liberal education at the beginning of the 21st century is an overlapping consensus, that is, a consensus whose nature is pragmatic, as well as a consensus whose substantive tenets are rationalized by pragmatism. Understanding the consensus in this way accounts for the varied criticism that Kimball' s thesis has received and makes a signi® cant di erence in understanding the theory and practice of liberal education in the 21st century.
De ® n in g libe ral e d u c ation ?T hroughout the 20th century, the nature of liberal education was much debated because of a number of in¯uences: philosophical, demographic, political and economic. T hese controversies seemed to reach a crescendo in the`culture wars' of the 1980s and early 1990s, when acrimonious curricular disputes about such issues as`the canon' and`multiculturalism' appeared regularly in the US public press. It was therefore unusual when, in late 1994, the College Entrance Examination Board convened a conference at which 25 academic leaders from di erent disciplines and institutions across the country considered a paper,`T oward pragmatic liberal education' , by the historian of liberal education, Bruce Kimball