Monte Carlo Calculated Effective Dose to Teenage Girls from Computed Tomography Examinations

Caon, Martin; Bibbo, Giovanni; Pattison, John E.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a033172

Cited by 39 publications

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“…In particular, one of the interesting features of voxel phantoms is the possibility of changing their size, thus simulating individuals of different builds. The dimensions may be modified and adapted independently in each of the three axes in space Zankl, 1992,1993;Caon et al, 2000). The scale factor must nonetheless remain within a reasonable range, without any major errors being introduced into the anatomical proportions of the organs ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Voxel anthropomorphic phantoms: review of models used for ionising radiation dosimetry

2003

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Computational anthropomorphic phantoms have k e n used since the 1970s for dosimetric calculations. Realistic geometries are required for this operation, resulting in the development of ever more accurate phantoms. Voxel phantoms, comisting of a set of smail-volume elements, appeared towards the end of the 1980s, and significantly improved on the original mathematical models. Voxel phantoms are models of the human body, obtained using compnted tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance images (MRI). These phantoms are an extremely accurate representation of the human anatomy. This article provides a review of the literatnre available on the development of these phantoms and their applications in ionising radiation dosimetry. The bibliographical stndy has shown that there is a wide range of phantoms, covering various characteristics of the general population in terms of sex, age or morphology, and that they are used in applications relating ta al1 aspects of ionising radiation. RÉSUMÉ

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adelaide is a paediatric thoracic phantom (female) created at the University of Adelaide in Australia (Caon et al, 1999(Caon et al, , 2000. The characteristics of this phantom are shown in Tables 1 and 11.…”

Section: The Adelaide Phantommentioning

confidence: 99%

Voxel anthropomorphic phantoms: review of models used for ionising radiation dosimetry

2003

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“…They can be used to estimate organ and effective dose from different examinations using Monte Carlo simulation techniques. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] As such, computerized phantoms provide an effective tool to compare imaging applications in terms of dose as well as image quality. They also provide a means to prospectively estimate patient-specific organ and effective dose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population of anatomically variable 4D XCAT adult phantoms for imaging research and optimization

et al. 2013

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Purpose:The authors previously developed the 4D extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantom for multimodality imaging research. The XCAT consisted of highly detailed whole-body models for the standard male and female adult, including the cardiac and respiratory motions. In this work, the authors extend the XCAT beyond these reference anatomies by developing a series of anatomically variable 4D XCAT adult phantoms for imaging research, the first library of 4D computational phantoms. Methods: The initial anatomy of each phantom was based on chest-abdomen-pelvis computed tomography data from normal patients obtained from the Duke University database. The major organs and structures for each phantom were segmented from the corresponding data and defined using nonuniform rational B-spline surfaces. To complete the body, the authors manually added on the head, arms, and legs using the original XCAT adult male and female anatomies. The structures were scaled to best match the age and anatomy of the patient. A multichannel large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping algorithm was then used to calculate the transform from the template XCAT phantom (male or female) to the target patient model. The transform was applied to the template XCAT to fill in any unsegmented structures within the target phantom and to implement the 4D cardiac and respiratory models in the new anatomy. Each new phantom was refined by checking for anatomical accuracy via inspection of the models. Results: Using these methods, the authors created a series of computerized phantoms with thousands of anatomical structures and modeling cardiac and respiratory motions. The database consists of 58 (35 male and 23 female) anatomically variable phantoms in total. Like the original XCAT, these phantoms can be combined with existing simulation packages to simulate realistic imaging data. Each new phantom contains parameterized models for the anatomy and the cardiac and respiratory motions and can, therefore, serve as a jumping point from which to create an unlimited number of 3D and 4D variations for imaging research. Conclusions: A population of phantoms that includes a range of anatomical variations representative of the public at large is needed to more closely mimic a clinical study or trial. The series of anatomically variable phantoms developed in this work provide a valuable resource for investigating 3D and 4D imaging devices and the effects of anatomy and motion in imaging. Combined with Monte Carlo simulation programs, the phantoms also provide a valuable tool to investigate patient-specific dose and image quality, and optimization for adults undergoing imaging procedures.

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“…Radiation doses for each organ and effective doses can be calculated for a range of imaging studies using Monte Carlo simulations. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] This allows a prospective estimate of dose to a single patient; the more closely the patient's anatomy matches that of the computational phantom, the more accurate the estimation. 14 In order to more closely mimic a clinical study or trial and to better estimate patient-specific dose, a large population of phantoms is needed to reflect the range of anatomical variations representative of the public at large.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A set of 4D pediatric XCAT reference phantoms for multimodality research

et al. 2014

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Purpose:The authors previously developed an adult population of 4D extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantoms for multimodality imaging research. In this work, the authors develop a reference set of 4D pediatric XCAT phantoms consisting of male and female anatomies at ages of newborn, 1, 5, 10, and 15 years. These models will serve as the foundation from which the authors will create a vast population of pediatric phantoms for optimizing pediatric CT imaging protocols. Methods: Each phantom was based on a unique set of CT data from a normal patient obtained from the Duke University database. The datasets were selected to best match the reference values for height and weight for the different ages and genders according to ICRP Publication 89. The major organs and structures were segmented from the CT data and used to create an initial pediatric model defined using nonuniform rational B-spline surfaces. The CT data covered the entire torso and part of the head. To complete the body, the authors manually added on the top of the head and the arms and legs using scaled versions of the XCAT adult models or additional models created from cadaver data. A multichannel large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping algorithm was then used to calculate the transform from a template XCAT phantom (male or female 50th percentile adult) to the target pediatric model. The transform was applied to the template XCAT to fill in any unsegmented structures within the target phantom and to implement the 4D cardiac and respiratory models in the new anatomy. The masses of the organs in each phantom were matched to the reference values given in ICRP Publication 89. The new reference models were checked for anatomical accuracy via visual inspection. Results: The authors created a set of ten pediatric reference phantoms that have the same level of detail and functionality as the original XCAT phantom adults. Each consists of thousands of anatomical structures and includes parameterized models for the cardiac and respiratory motions. Based on patient data, the phantoms capture the anatomic variations of childhood, such as the development of bone in the skull, pelvis, and long bones, and the growth of the vertebrae and organs. The phantoms can be combined with existing simulation packages to generate realistic pediatric imaging data from different modalities. Conclusions: The development of patient-derived pediatric computational phantoms is useful in providing variable anatomies for simulation. Future work will expand this ten-phantom base to a host of pediatric phantoms representative of the public at large. This can provide a means to evaluate and improve pediatric imaging devices and to optimize CT protocols in terms of image quality and radiation dose.

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Monte Carlo Calculated Effective Dose to Teenage Girls from Computed Tomography Examinations

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Voxel anthropomorphic phantoms: review of models used for ionising radiation dosimetry

Voxel anthropomorphic phantoms: review of models used for ionising radiation dosimetry

Population of anatomically variable 4D XCAT adult phantoms for imaging research and optimization

A set of 4D pediatric XCAT reference phantoms for multimodality research

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