Monopoly Capital, Organized Labor, and Military Expenditures in the United States, 1949-1976

Military Spending and Inequality: Panel Granger Causality Test

“…Military procurement and R&D expenditures are most likely to give rise to higher economic inequality since they tend to lead to the hiring of more highly skilled workers. 6 In addition, operations and maintenance (O&M) as well as procurement and R&D may be used as a counter-cyclical mechanism to ensure profits for monopoly capital and employment for organized labor (Griffin, Devine & Wallace, 1982). If the poor are among the unionized sectors, procurement, R&D, and O&M will decrease economic inequality.…”

The global political economy of Israel

“…During the 1970s, other writers, such as O'Connor (1973) and Griffin, Devine and Wallace (1982), have taken the argument a step further, suggesting that government involvement, and particularly military spending, were affected not by overall macroeconomic needs or the interest of capitalists in general, but rather by the specific requirements of dominant economic groups. More significantly, however, the Korean and Vietnam conflicts of the 1950s and 1960s indicated that military spending was not only a consequence of economic structure, but also an important force shaping that structure.…”

Arms imports as an action‐reaction process: An empirical test of six pairs of developing nations

“…c) The economic burden coefficient is operationalized in our study as the value of military expenditure over GNP lagged over one year (a widely-used measure of the economic burden concept-see, for example, Griffin et al 1982;Mintz & Hicks 1984; US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency 1981). 5…”