“…Unequivocal evidence of magnetic charges has been obtained using magnetic force microscopy in honeycomb lattices made of permalloy (Ni 0.81 Fe 0.19 ) and cobalt magnets 12 – 15 . However, they are not known to be dynamic in the absence of external tuning agents (magnetic, thermal, or current) 8 , 9 , 15 , 16 , which is in strong contrast to the well-established dynamic properties of magnetic charges in analogous spin ice compounds that exhibit persistent or continuous relaxation at low enough temperature 6 , 17 , 18 . Magnetic charges relax by emitting or absorbing net charge defects, q m , of magnitude 2 Q , also termed effective monopoles 2 , 4 , 8 , 12 , 19 .…”