Monolith as a new sample preparation material: Recent devices and applications

Abstract

Monolith was first used as a material for chromatographic separation two decades ago and solid-phase extraction over 10 years, and since then, separation science has undergone a dramatic change owing to advancements in analytical technology. Recently, monolith has been modified to suit various devices for the extraction and enrichment of analytes in any matrices of environmental, food, and biological analyses. This approach has contributed to miniaturization and automation for sample preparation, and it can reduce the time and cost requirements of sample preparation. Recently, numerous applications have been demonstrated for online and inline preconcentration coupled with monolith, and many kinds of devices have been designed and developed for offline devices. In this review, these applications and devices are listed and discussed in reference to other fields.

Recent advances in preparation and application of hybrid organic‐silica monolithic capillary columns

“…The sample stacking was widely used to concentrate the analytes at the front of a capillary column with inline mode, which can be formed by constructing a small monolith bed at the front of a CE capillary or by coupling a short monolith capillary column to the inlet of a CE capillary [9]. Zhou et al [50] presented the use of a new hybrid monolithic column prepared in situ by polymerization of N-(␤-aminoethyl)-␥-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane and TEOS via sol-gel process for extraction of DNA following CE separation.…”

“…Their much higher external porosity compared to conventional particle-packed columns minimize the pore diffusion and mass transfer resistance, resulting in higher permeability and low-pressure drop with higher separation efficiency [1][2][3][4]. As a result, monolithic columns become an excellent tool in the analytical laboratory, not only for separation fields covering RP, ion-exchange, hydrophilic interaction, size exclusion, and affinity chromatography etc., but also for sample preparation including SPE or solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and as basis for immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) [5][6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

Sulfonamides in the environment: a review and a case report

“…Review articles, published in 2009Review articles, published in , 2010Review articles, published in and 2011 Table 3. All important topics are covered, e.g., general information on common types of sulfonamides polluting the environment (Baran et al 2011;Zhang and Li 2011), sample preparation (Namera et al 2011;Samanidou and Karageorgou 2011), and analytical methods used for sulfonamide detection, namely HPLC (Seifrtova et al 2009;Tolika et al 2010), capillary electrophoresis (Garcia-Campana et al 2009;Pinero et al 2011), and immunoassays (Nesterenko et al 2009). Some reviews deal with resistance (Le-Minh et al 2010;Jury et al 2011), or the degradation of different pollutants, sulfonamides included (Sharma 2010).…”

Novel Monolithic Adsorbent for Phthalate Extraction from Water

“…For example, pure silica monolithic surface exhibits inorganic functionality; however, when organic silica monomer is used in the polymeric reaction, it forms organic silica monolith, which is a mixed mode based material [20,22]. Many applications of monolithic materials have been reported, including solid-phase extraction, sample preconcentration and separation in many fields [17][18][23][24], such as environmental, pharmaceutical, food and biomolecular fields.…”