Monographs on fragrance raw materials

Opdyke, D.L.J.

doi:10.1016/0015-6264(75)90087-5

Cited by 59 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…We selected 2OA‐BSA for the present study because the inhibition study using human PBC patients' sera demonstrated that 2OA coupled to the lysine residue ( 173 K) of the PDC‐E2 peptide inner lipoyl domain is unique among the tested compounds in that it did not cross‐react with the lipoylated PDC‐E2 peptide 4. Importantly, this xenobiotic compound is not found in nature but can be chemically synthesized and the methyl and ethyl esters are widely used in cosmetic products such as perfume, lipstick, soap, detergents, cream, lotion, and many common food flavorings 4, 11, 35. BSA‐conjugated 6BH was also investigated as an immunogen in the present study but anti‐PDC‐E2 were not evident in mice immunized with 6BH‐BSA by 6 weeks (data not shown), whereas in mice immunized with 2OA‐BSA, seropositivity was evident as early as 4 weeks postimmunization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss of tolerance in C57BL/6 mice to the autoantigen E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase by a xenobiotic with ensuing biliary ductular disease

et al. 2008

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There have been important advances in defining effector mechanisms for several human autoimmune diseases. However, for most human autoimmune diseases, the induction stage is less well defined and there are very few clues on etiology. Our laboratory has focused on defining the molecular basis of autoantibody recognition and epitope modification in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Our work has demonstrated that antibodies to mitochondria (AMA), the hallmark of disease, are directed against a very conserved site of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDCE2). We have also demonstrated that several chemical xenobiotics, chosen based on quantitative structural activity relationship analysis and rigorous epitope analysis, when coupled to the lysine residue that normally binds the lipoic acid co-factor of PDC-E2, reacts as well or better to PBC sera than native autoantigen. In the present studies, we immunized C57BL/6 mice with one such xenobiotic, 2-octynoic acid (2OA), coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and followed mice for 24 weeks. Animals were studied for appearance of histologic lesions as well as appearance of antibodies to PDC-E2, serum levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ and splenic and liver lymphoid phenotyping by flow cytometry. Mice immunized with 2OA manifest autoimmune cholangitis, typical mitochondrial autoantibodies, increased liver lymphoid cell numbers, an increase in CD8+ liver infiltrating cells, particularly CD8+ T cells that co-express CD44, and finally an elevation of serum TNF-α and IFN-γ. In conclusion, these data provide a persuasive argument in favor of an environmental origin for human PBC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss of tolerance in C57BL/6 mice to the autoantigen E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase by a xenobiotic with ensuing biliary ductular disease

et al. 2008

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“…Karlberg et al (13) demonstrated in animal experiments that autoxidized limonene was an allergen. In the same publication, they referred to the concentration of d‐limonene in perfumes and household products described in a publication from 1975 (14). At that time, the concentration of d‐limonene was found to be low in this type of products (below 0.03% in detergents).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fragrance chemicals in domestic and occupational products

Rastogi¹,

et al. 2001

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Epidemiological studies have described an increasing prevalence of fragrance allergy and indicated an association with hand eczema. 59 domestic and occupational products intended for hand exposure were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analyses to test the hypothesis that fragrance chemicals known to have the potential to cause contact allergy but not included in fragrance mix (FM) may be common ingredients in these products. A quantitative analysis of 19 selected fragrances was performed by GC-MS. Further analysis of GC-MS data revealed the presence of 43 other fragrance chemicals/groups of fragrance chemicals in the products investigated. Among the 19 target substances the most commonly detected were limonene in 78%, linalool in 61% and citronellol in 47% of the products investigated. The FM ingredients were present in these products with the following frequencies: oak moss (evernic acid methylester) 2%, cinnamic alcohol 2%, cinnamic aldehyde (cinnamal) 3%, isoeugenol 5%, alpha-amylcinnamic aldehyde (amyl cinnamal) 8%, hydroxycitronellal 12%, eugenol 27%, and geraniol 41%. Thus, the chemical analyses of domestic and occupational products indicates that investigation of potential contact allergy related to these products types should consider fragrance allergens additional to those in the FM, since these may occur with high frequency.

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“…It seems unlikely that EOOG‐induced cardiovascular changes could be related to a putative toxic effect of this essential oil. In fact, the oral acute toxicity LD 50 values for eugeol 14 and 1,8‐cineole, 15 the major constituents of EOOG, have been found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg 14,15 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM LEAVES IN RATS: ROLE OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Lahlou

Interaminense

Leal-Cardoso³

et al. 2004

Clin Exp Pharma Physio

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1. The cardiovascular effects of intravenous (i.v.) administration of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum (EOOG) were investigated in rats. In addition, the present study examined: (i) whether the autonomic nervous system is involved in the mediation of EOOG-induced changes in mean aortic pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR); and (ii) whether these changes could be attributed, at least in part, to the actions of eugenol, the major constituent of EOOG. 2. In both pentobarbitone-anaesthetized and conscious rats, i.v. bolus injections of EOOG (1-20 mg/kg) elicited immediate and dose-dependent decreases in MAP and HR. These responses to EOOG were of the same order of magnitude irrespective of whether the animal was under general anaesthesia. 3. Pretreatment of anaesthetized rats with bilateral vagotomy did not significantly modify the EOOG-induced dose-dependent hypotension, whereas it significantly reduced the bradycardia at the highest dose used. 4. In conscious rats, i.v. injections of bolus doses (1-10 mg/kg) of eugenol also elicited immediate and dose-dependent decreases in MAP and HR. Intravenous pretreatment of conscious rats with either methylatropine (1 mg/kg) or hexamethonium (30 mg/kg) significantly reduced the EOOG-induced dose-dependent bradycardia without affecting the hypotension. 5. These data show, for the first time, that i.v. administration of EOOG to either anaesthetized or conscious rats induces an immediate and significant hypotension and bradycardia, which appear to be due, at least in part, to the actions of the major constituent of EOOG, eugenol. These cardiovascular effects appear to be mediated by different pathways because only EOOG-induced hypotension appears to be independent of the presence of an operational autonomic nervous system. This may suggest that the hypotensive activity of EOOG results from its vasodilatory effects directly upon vascular smooth muscle.

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Monographs on fragrance raw materials

Cited by 59 publications

References 1 publication

Loss of tolerance in C57BL/6 mice to the autoantigen E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase by a xenobiotic with ensuing biliary ductular disease

Loss of tolerance in C57BL/6 mice to the autoantigen E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase by a xenobiotic with ensuing biliary ductular disease

Fragrance chemicals in domestic and occupational products

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM LEAVES IN RATS: ROLE OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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