A new drug delivery system was developed using the interaction of nutrient broth treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NBT-MWCNTs) and cefotaxime sodium (CTX) as a model. Investigated factors of the drug delivery system include dispersion effect, biocompatibility of NBT-MWCNTs, pharmacodynamic effect and delivery efficiency in vitro. It was found that MWCNTs can be well dispersed in the nutrient broth and stable at least for one week at 4 °C. The formed NBT-MWCNTs suspension scarcely exhibits toxicity to E. coli at concentrations lower than 10.24 g/mL, but displays enhanced pharmacodynamic effect of CTX via its bridge effect and targeted transport. Compared with general acid treated MWCNTs (AT-MWCNTs), our present NBT-MWCNTs show good biocompatibility, enhanced pharmacodynamic effect, and high delivery efficiency.drug delivery system, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, biocompatibility, pharmacodynamic effect, flow cytometry