“…For example, the combination of GM-CSF, IL-4, and TNFα induced the expression of MHC II, CD40, CD86, CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c, whereas the combination of GM-CSF, TNFα and IFN-γ triggered MHC II, CD80, CD83, and CD86 expression by human neutrophils (Iking-Konert, et al, 2001; Oehler, et al, 1998). Moreover, it has been reported that neutrophils could even be reprogrammed and trans-differentiated into macrophages and DC after co-culture with multiple cytokines in vitro (Araki, et al, 2004; Iking-Konert, et al, 2005; Koffel, et al, 2014). It should be noted, however, that high (generally non-physiologic) concentrations of inflammatory factors (ranging from 1 to 100 ng/ml) were used in all these previous studies to induce the upregulation of APC markers, and differentiation could even be observed in mature end-stage neutrophils.…”