Monocyte Subsets and Natural Killer Cells in Acute Pancreatitis

Usefulness of Assessing Circulating Levels of Resistin, Ghrelin, and IL-18 in Alcoholic Acute Pancreatitis

“…Leukocytes represent the main source of IL-18 [42]. The highest IL-18 level on third day of hospitalization in our study is consistent with Dabrowski et al's [43] observation of highest monocytes level at that time point in AP patients.…”

Modified Da Chengqi granules improvement in immune function in early severe acute pancreatitis patients

“…This clinically manifests as a strong non-infectious systemic inflammatory reaction, resulting in a severe autoimmune attack against multiple organs (Bansal et al, 2011; Susantitaphong et al, 2013). As the patient's condition worsens, peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes and HLA-DR+ cells decrease, Treg cells increase, and Th1/Th2 cell ratio decreases, resulting in immune suppression and severe complications (Pietruczuk et al, 2006;Malleo et al, 2007;Dabrowski et al, 2008). During this time, they experience severe stress, intestinal paralysis, defective pancreatic secretory function, impaired immune defenses, intestinal mucosal lesions, and translocation of bacteria and endotoxins to the bloodstream leading to endotoxemia and systemic inflammatory reaction (Al-Bahrani et al, 2010;Sharma et al, 2011).…”

Circulating Lymphocyte Subsets Induce Secondary Infection in Acute Pancreatitis

“…Cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1; CCL2), which are released by damaged acinar cells, recruit leukocytes to injured pancreatic acinar cells and trigger a series of immune responses (Gukovskaya et al, 1997;Gu et al, 2013). The number of leukocytes in AP is significantly higher, but total circulating lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, natural killer [NK] cells) are markedly lower than those in healthy controls, especially in severe cases (Pezzilli et al, 1995;Ueda et al, 2006;Dabrowski et al, 2008;Wei et al, 2019). The characteristics of immune responses triggered by circulating lymphocytes vary in different phases of AP.…”