Monocyte Dysfunction, Activation, and Inflammation After Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy in an African Cohort

Abstract

Background Monocyte dysfunction may persist during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods Frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 30 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected ART-treated adults with sustained viral suppression and CD4 counts ≥500 cells/µL were consecutively analyzed for monocyte phenotypes and function. Results Nonclassical monocytes (CD14+, CD16++), interleukin (IL)-1β production, and expression of CD40 and CD86 were lower among ART-treated HIV-infected adults relative to age-matched HIV-negative adults (P = .01, P = .01, and P = .02, respectively). Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, IL6, and soluble CD14 were higher among HIV-infected adults relative to HIV-negative adults (P = .0002, P = .04, and P = .0017, respectively). Conclusions Further investigation is required to understand drivers of persistent monocyte activation and dysfunction.

Treponemapallidum Dysregulates Monocytes and Promotes the Expression of IL-1β and Migration in Monocytes Through the mTOR Signaling Pathway

“…Abnormalities of monocyte subsets have been reported in many studies and was associated with a wide range of diseases and related to disease prognosis (Hirose et al, 2019;Nabatanzi et al, 2019). Our study found that syphilis patients demonstrate changes in monocyte subpopulations, of which intermediate monocytes were significantly increased.…”

“…In healthy donors, classical monocytes (CD14 ++ CD16 − monocytes) were primed for phagocytosis, innate sensing/immune responses and migration using a novel single-cell PCR gene expression analysis tool (Gren et al, 2015); however, Brucella infection led to an increase in the proportion of classical monocytes, which showed downregulation of immune responses . Meanwhile, Nabatanzi et al (2019) observed that the IL-1b production of classical m onocytes among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients who received antiretroviral therapy was lower than that of those among healthy HIV-negative adults. Some studies have found that intermediate monocytes were well-suited for antigen presentation and cytokine secretion, while Szaflarska and colleagues (Szaflarska et al, 2004) described an antitumoral phenotype of these cells.…”

Conventional Dendritic Cells and Slan+ Monocytes During HIV-2 Infection

“…Importantly, proinflammatory monocyte frequencies correlated negatively with these volunteer's neutralizing antibody responses to a live virus vaccine, the licensed yellow fever vaccine 17D (YF-17D). Other reports on adaptive or innate immunity during HIV-2 infection were performed in West Africa, with local controls (4,45,46). Comparisons of innate immunity parameters during HIV-1 infection were also performed between different countries.…”

Frequency of Effector Memory Cells Expressing Integrin α4β7 Is Associated With TGF-β1 Levels in Therapy Naïve HIV Infected Women With Low CD4+ T Cell Count

“…Homeostasis of T cell subsets is also altered during HIV infection ( 3 ). In addition to T cells, immune dysfunction i.e., altered signaling leading to impaired proliferation and anti-viral responses, is also seen in B cells ( 4 ), monocytes ( 5 , 6 ), dendritic cells ( 7 ) and Natural killer (NK) cells ( 8 , 9 ) following HIV infection. This dysfunction is attributed to both the direct interaction of immune cells with the viral components as well as altered levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.…”