Monoclonal Antibodies Carried in Drug Delivery Nanosystems as a Strategy for Cancer Treatment

Abstract

Monoclonal antibodies carried in nanosystems have been extensively studied and reported as a promising tool for the treatment of various types of cancers. Monoclonal antibodies have great advantages for the treatment of cancer because their protein structure can bind to the target tissue; however, it has some challenges such as denaturation following heat exposure and extreme values of pH, temperature and solvents, the ability to undergo hydrolysis, oxidation and deamination and the formation of non-native aggregates, which totally compromises drug stability. In addition to these characteristics, they suffer rapid elimination when in the blood, which results in a short half-life and the production of neutralizing antibodies, rendering the doses ineffective. These challenges are overcome with encapsulation in nanosystems (liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, cyclodextrins, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, dendrimers and micelles) due to the characteristics of improving solubility, permeability, and selectivity only with tumor tissue; with that, there is a decrease in side effects beyond controlled release, which is critical to improving the therapeutic efficacy of cancer treatment. The article was divided into the different types of nanosystems, with a description of their definitions and applications in various types of cancers. Therefore, this review summarizes the use of monoclonal antibodies encapsulated in nanosystems and the description of clinical studies with biosimilars. Biosimilars are defined as products that are similar to monoclonal antibodies which are produced when the patent for the monoclonal antibodies expires.

Enhancing Cancer Immunotherapeutic Efficacy with Sonotheranostic Strategies

“…Peptide-based therapy has been studied for the advanced treatment of tumors due to the nominal risk of systemic toxicity as they rapidly degrade to amino acids, resulting in a short half-life and lower accumulation in tissues . From the 1980s until now, there have been 239 protein peptides identified for cancer therapeutics which are also approved for clinical purposes by United States FDA. , It has been noticed that most of the peptides and drugs recommended by the FDA are used without modification in clinical trials and show many limitations, such as limited bioavailability, poor permeability across cellular barriers, and lack of sequential availability at the tumor site, and most importantly, peptides have lower stability in physiological fluids which has reduced the efficacy of immunotherapy . However, certain strategies have been proven to be very effective in peptide vaccines for improving the target affinity of peptides through amino acid modification and PEGylation of peptides to enhance plasma stability as it increases resistance to exopeptidases and reduces immunogenicity (Figure ).…”

Biomimetic nanoparticles for DC vaccination: a versatile approach to boost cancer immunotherapy

“…Surface modification of nanoparticles with targeting biomolecules enables nanoparticles to actively target peripheral DCs. [27][28][29][30] Once the antigens are ingested, the DCs are activated and migrate to the draining lymph node (dLN), where the DCs interact with T cells to trigger anti-tumor immunity. 31 Protein cages and virus-like nanoparticles serve as vaccine platforms to enhance efficacy by facilitating antigen localization to DC-rich dLNs, 32,33 enhancing DC endocytosis of antigens, and increasing antigen presentation to adaptive immune cells.…”

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Monitors the Fate of Degradable Nanocarriers in the Blood Stream

“…The use of nanocarriers (NCs) to deliver small drug molecules, proteins, or nucleic acids is a highly promising therapeutic approach. NCs can protect their cargo from the environment during transport through the blood system, deliver it to a target site, and reduce potential side effects from toxic drug molecules. − Thus, NC-based drug delivery offers unique potential in fields ranging from treatment of cancer, − autoimmunity, − and fibrosis − to antiviral vaccine development. , However, despite the huge research efforts in the last decades, only a moderate number of NCs have entered clinical trials and even fewer are now frontline therapeutics. , …”