Monkeypox: what we know about the 2022 outbreak so far

Looi, Mun-Keat

doi:10.1136/bmj.o2058

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Equitable access to vaccines is critical to monkeypox control efforts globally, and lack of access is a serious concern, particularly if pre-symptomatic transmission is occurring. Currently, Jynneos (also known as Imvanex), which is in limited supply, is the primary vaccine in use for monkeypox in the US, Canada, Europe, and the UK910; the older smallpox vaccine ACAM2000 is less commonly used and only in select patients 11…”

Section: Vaccine Equitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Public health measures that have been critical during monkeypox outbreaks in high income countries, such as PCR testing and vaccination, remain unavailable in much of Africa 9. In their study, Ward and colleagues from the UK Health Security Agency relied on resource intensive contact tracing and case questionnaires—approaches important to a context specific public health response but under-supported in low resource countries where monkeypox is endemic.…”

Section: Vaccine Equitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The dynamics of monkeypox transmission

Freeman

Abbott

Kurpiel

et al. 2022

BMJ

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BMJ is committed to ensuring the independence and integrity of our content, products, and services. We strive, therefore, to be transparent about any interests that our users, customers, and partners might want to know about. This policy on declaration of interests applies to everyone involved in the conception, creation, and delivery of our content, products, and services. What interests should I declare?We want to hear about interests that might conflict with the work you are doing or have been asked to do for BMJ. A conflict of interest arises when a person has a personal or organisational interest that may influence or appear to influence the work they are doing. Usually this is a financial interest, but it may also be non-financial.Above all we want transparency about any personal or organisational interests that might be seen as a conflict of interest in relation to the task a person is being asked to do for BMJ.The BMJ's policy announced in 2014 (http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g7197) prohibits authors with relevant financial ties to industry from writing editorials clinical reviews, minerva pictures, endgames and practice articles (excluding therapeutics articles). By "industry" we mean companies producing drugs, devices, or tests; medical education companies; or other companies with an interest in the topic of the article.

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Section: Vaccine Equitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vaccine Equitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The dynamics of monkeypox transmission

Freeman

Abbott

Kurpiel

et al. 2022

BMJ

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“…In May 2022, two cases of MPOX were reported in the United Kingdom. Surprisingly, these patients had no history of travel to areas of Africa where MPOX is endemic [ 6 ]. Since these initial reports were released, thousands of cases have been presented in countries across Europe, South America, North America, and the Middle East.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spreads have been cited in the US, UK, Israel, and Singapore since 1970. However, the non-endemic spread that occurred in the spring of 2022 during the already ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is an important event that this review study aims to highlight [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2022 Monkeypox Epidemic and What Has Led to the Current State of the Disease in the US: A Systematic Review

Chaudhari¹,

Treffeisen²,

Virk³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Monkeypox virus (MPOX) is a zoonotic disease in humans. It is similar genetically to its virus family member, smallpox. This virus has been studied since the 1970s. The virus remains endemic to the Congo and West African regions, but non-endemic spreads have been cited. The most recent non-endemic outbreak in the spring of 2022 amidst the current COVID-19 pandemic is of interest due to its impact on global medical, economic, and societal climates. This literature review aims to highlight the virology, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of MPOX and discuss the social implications of the recent 2022 outbreak.We hope this review can pinpoint important clinical pearls of the MPOX virus and its societal impacts to further promote important discussion of this virus and its disease.

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“…Since the epidemic began to spread in early May 2022, the WHO has attached great importance to this special situation, rapidly releasing public health and clinical guidelines, engaging with communities actively, and convening scientists and researchers to accelerate the study of new diagnostic methods, vaccines, and treatments for monkeypox. At present, there are three kinds of vaccines against monkeypox, but the current supply is limited and there is a lack of data on the effectiveness of the new vaccine against monkeypox ( Kumar et al, 2022 ; Looi, 2022 ). It is urgent to find new approaches to prevent and treat multi-country monkeypox outbreaks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence synthesis of Chinese medicine for monkeypox: Suggestions from other contagious pox-like viral diseases

Rong

Zhang²,

Han³

et al. 2023

Front. Pharmacol.

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Background: Monkeypox, a zoonotic disease caused by an Orthopoxvirus, presents an etiology similar to smallpox in humans. Currently, there are no licensed treatments for human monkeypox, so clear and urgent research on its prophylaxis and treatment is needed.Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the evidence of Chinese medicine for contagious pox-like viral diseases and provide suggestions for the multi-country outbreak management of monkeypox.Methods: The review was registered on INPLASY (INPLASY202270013). Ancient classics in China and clinical trials involving randomized controlled trials , non-RCTs, and comparative observational studies of CM on the prevention and treatment of monkeypox, smallpox, measles, varicella, and rubella were retrieved from the Chinese Medical Code (fifth edition), Database of China Ancient Medicine, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chongqing VIP, Wanfang, Google Scholar, International Clinical Trial Registry Platform, and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry until 6 July 2022. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied to present the data collected.Results: The use of CM to control contagious pox-like viral diseases was traced back to ancient Chinese practice cited in Huangdi’s Internal Classic, where the pathogen was recorded nearly two thousand years back. There were 85 articles (36 RCTs, eight non-RCTs, one cohort study, and 40 case series) that met the inclusion criteria, of which 39 studies were for measles, 38 for varicella, and eight for rubella. Compared with Western medicine for contagious pox-like viral diseases, CM combined with Western medicine showed significant improvements in fever clearance time (mean difference, −1.42 days; 95% CI, −1.89 to −0.95; 10 RCTs), rash/pox extinction time (MD, −1.71 days; 95% CI, −2.65 to −0.76; six RCTs), and rash/pox scab time (MD, −1.57 days; 95% CI, −1.94 to −1.19; five RCTs). When compared with Western medicine, CM alone could reduce the time of rash/pox extinction and fever clearance. Chinese herbal formulas, including modified Yinqiao powder, modified Xijiao Dihaung decoction, modified Qingjie Toubiao decoction, and modified Shengma Gegen decoction, were frequently applied to treat pox-like viral diseases and also showed significant effects in shortening the time of fever clearance, rash/pox extinction, and rash/pox scabs. Compared with Western medicine (placental globulin) or no intervention, eight non-randomized trials and observational studies on the prevention of contagious pox-like viral diseases showed a significant preventive effect of Leiji powder among high-risk populations.Conclusion: Based on historical records and clinical studies of CM in managing contagious pox-like viral diseases, some botanical drugs could be an alternative approach for treating and preventing human monkeypox. Prospective, rigorous clinical trials are urgently needed to confirm the potential preventive and treatment effect of Chinese herbal formulas.Systematic Review Registration: [https://inplasy.com/], identifier [INPLASY202270013].

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Monkeypox: what we know about the 2022 outbreak so far

Cited by 11 publications

References 6 publications

The dynamics of monkeypox transmission

The dynamics of monkeypox transmission

The 2022 Monkeypox Epidemic and What Has Led to the Current State of the Disease in the US: A Systematic Review

Evidence synthesis of Chinese medicine for monkeypox: Suggestions from other contagious pox-like viral diseases

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