Monkeypox: An emerging zoonotic pathogen

Beig, Masoumeh; Mohammadi, Mehrdad; Monfared, Fatemeh Nafe; Nasereslami, Somaieh

doi:10.5501/wjv.v11.i6.426

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 73 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…45 MPXV can also be transmitted from animals to humans through infected animal meat or fruits (eaten by affected animals) or touching infected droplets, and has been considered as an emerging zoonotic pathogen. 50 More recently, the first report of human to dog transmission of MPXV has emphasized exploration of the reverse zoonotic event. 51 The virus will become more threatening when human to human transmission occurs via an infected human droplet of fluid passing with a noninfected community.…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Old Enemy with a New Face: Re-emerging Monkeypox Disease – An Update

Islam¹,

Hemo²,

Chopra³

et al. 2022

J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Human monkeypox (MPX), a multi-country re-emerging disease, is rapidly spreading around the world. The etiological agent of this disease, Monkeypox virus (MPXV), is a DNA virus classified into three genetic types (West Africa, Congo Basin clade, and one new clade-3). Atypical or unusual symptoms as well as asymptomatic infection of MPXV has also been reported. Transmission among humans is possible by droplets, contact, sexual intercourse, and fomites. Secondary transmission of this disease has been reported to occur in less than 10% of cases where it was found 35%–88% of smallpox. Mother-to-fetus transmission by vertical route is also possible for this disease. Modern equipment, biosafety level-3 laboratory facilities, and trained expert persons are needed to diagnose this disease. Previous data support that ~85% clinical protection is provided by smallpox vaccines for monkeypox, although initially non-human primates models were used for various experiments, and also side-effects of this vaccine have been notably mentioned in various studies. Limited research findings of JYNNEOS vaccine has supported the comparatively lower prevalence of MPX cases with vaccination. Few drugs, including cidofovir, tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and vaccinia immune globulin intravenous are preferable against this disease, although clinical trial data is limited and FDA-approval is also pending. This review-based study presents an overall scenario of Monkeypox disease (MPXD) based on previously published studies. Recommended clinical treatment and vaccination, appropriate infection prevention and control strategies, adopting one health approach, and quick identification of hotspots using a wastewater-based surveillance system need to be followed to check the further spread of MPX outbreaks.

show abstract

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Old Enemy with a New Face: Re-emerging Monkeypox Disease – An Update

Islam¹,

Hemo²,

Chopra³

et al. 2022

J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Multi-origins and complex virus transmission routes along with atypical and unusual disease manifestation as well as asymptomatic MPXV infections have also been reported during the current 2022 MPX outbreaks, hence greater measures for checking its transmission and adequate prevention and control strategies are suggested. 28,29 MPX is a zoonotic pathogen, 30 and more recently the first report of human-to-dog transmission of MPXV 31 has highlighted risk of reverse zoonosis of the virus, which calls for increasing the screening of different animal species including pets, adopting advanced global surveillance system, and strengthening of one health approach for effectively countering MPX transmission and circulation. [32][33][34][35] Various wild animals, including monkeys and rodents (such as squirrels, rats, and dormice), can spread the virus to people by bites or scratches; through activities like hunting, trapping, skinning, cooking, or ingesting infected animals; or through contact with infected bodily fluids 36 Human-to-human transmission, which mostly occurs through direct skin-to-skin contact with infectious sores, is less common than animal-to-human transmission but has occasionally resulted in small-scale, confined human outbreaks.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Monkeypox and Underlying Etiological Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of note, ring vaccination approach has been suggested to counter the ongoing MPX outbreak for limiting the virus transmission and spread, and to be useful during mass gathering events. 28,30,[81][82][83] In the current scenario, the data on the effectiveness of newer MPX vaccines in the prevention of MPX is still under investigation and specific vaccines for MPX are being attempted to be developed such as novel and nextgeneration vaccine, multi-epitope vaccine using pan-genome and reverse vaccinology, multiepitope based MPXV-specific vaccine exploring immunoinformatics, and nucleic acid-based universal MPX vaccine candidates. [84][85][86][87][88][89]…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, Treatment and Clinical Management: Trends, Scope, Promise and Challenges

Sharma¹,

Aggarwal²,

Sharma³

et al. 2022

J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Monkeypox virus is an orthopoxvirus sharing the common genus with variola and vaccinia virus. Most of the monkeypox (MPX) cases had been reported from the central and west African region (the main endemic areas) prior to 2022 but there was a sudden outbreak in May, 2022 disseminating the infections to thousands of people even in non-endemic countries, posing a global public health emergency. MPX was considered a rae and neglected disease, however the 2022 MPX outbreaks in multiple countries attracted attention of worldwide researchers to pace up for carrying out researches on various aspects of MPXV including attempts to design and develop diagnostics, vaccines, drugs and therapeutics counteract MPX. Apart from being a zoonotic disease, the current outbreaks highlighted rapid human-to-human transmission of MPXV, besides the reverse zoonosis has also been documented with recent first report of human-to-dog transmission, urging a call for the importance of one health approach. Atypical and unusual disease manifestations as well asymptomatic MPXV infections have also been observed during 2022 MPX outbreak. The affected patients typically develop a rash resulting in a mild disease followed by recovery with some supportive care and use of antivirals such as tecovirimat, cidofovir and brincidofovir in severe disease cases. Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine with an excellent safety profile has been recommended to patients with higher risk exposure and immunocompromised individuals. Moreover, another vaccine the replication-competent vaccine (ACAM2000) could be a suitable alternative to MVA’s non-availability to some selective immunocompetent individuals. Current review highlights the salient aspects of management and treatment of monkeypox along with underlying promises in terms of therapeutics and a variety of challenges posed due to current global public health emergency situation to counteract MPX.

show abstract