An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, Treatment and Clinical Management: Trends, Scope, Promise and Challenges

Sharma, Varruchi; Aggarwal, Diwakar; Sharma, Anil Kumar; Chandran, Deepak; Sharma, Ajay; Chopra, Hitesh; Emran, Talha Bin; Dey, Abhijit; Dhama, Kuldeep

doi:10.22207/jpam.16.spl1.21

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 81 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Mpox management varies from patient to patient and should involve decision making centered on patients, and multidisciplinary discussions that aim to augment disease control, reduce and improving quality of life among patients ( 16 ). Current treatment options for patients with mpox infection include vaccines such as JYNNEOS and administration of an antiviral drug, i.e., tecovirimat ( 17 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of interventional clinical trials for monkeypox; systematic review of ClinicalTrials.gov database

Alorfi

Alshehri

Haseeb

2023

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundMonkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic viral infection, poses a global threat that is being acknowledged at the national and international levels. This systematic review aims to identify and characterize interventional clinical trials for mpox.MethodAll interventional clinical trials registered at ClinicalTrials.gov for mpox were searched up to January 6, 2023. We described the characteristics of interventional clinical trials, and drug interventions (including drugs and vaccines).ResultsAs of January 6, 2023, there were 10 clinical trials in the ClinicalTrials.gov registry that met our criteria. Most of the interventional clinical trials were focused on the treatment (N = 4, 40%) and prevention (N = 4, 40%) of mpox. From the 10 trials, 50% used random treatment allocation, and six (60%) chose the parallel assignment intervention model. All 10 studies were blinded, and six were open-label blinded. The largest proportion of the clinical trials (N = 4, 40%) were registered in Europe, followed by America (N = 3, 30%) and Africa and others (N = 3, 30%). The JYNNEOS vaccine (40%), followed by Tecovirimat (30%) were the most frequently studied drugs used against mpox.ConclusionA limited number of clinical trials have been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov since the first case of mpox was reported. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conduct large-scale randomized clinical trials to assess the safety and efficacy of the drugs and vaccines being used against the mpox virus.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of interventional clinical trials for monkeypox; systematic review of ClinicalTrials.gov database

Alorfi

Alshehri

Haseeb

2023

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In 2003, the US (United States) experienced an outbreak of mpox [ 16 , 17 ]. Over the past several decades, there has been a tenfold increase in the number of monkeypox (mpox) cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Transmission, Host Range, Genomics, Vaccination, and Current Epidemiology of the Monkeypox Virus

Araf,

Nipa,

Naher

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine International

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This review delves into the historical context, current epidemiological landscape, genomics, and pathobiology of monkeypox virus (MPXV). Furthermore, it elucidates the present vaccination status and strategies to curb the spread of monkeypox. Monkeypox, caused by the Orthopoxvirus known as MPXV, is a zoonotic ailment. MPXV can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face interactions. While many cases of monkeypox are self-limiting, vulnerable groups such as young children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals may experience severe manifestations. Diagnosis predominantly relies on clinical presentations, complemented by laboratory techniques like RT-PCR. Although treatment is often not required, severe cases necessitate antiviral medications like tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir. Vaccination, particularly using the smallpox vaccine, has proven instrumental in outbreak control, exhibiting an efficacy of at least 85% against mpox as evidenced by data from Africa. Mitigating transmission requires measures like wearing surgical masks, adequately covering skin lesions, and avoiding handling wild animals.

show abstract

“…Seven cases of mpox were identified in the United Kingdom between 2018 and 2021, four of which were linked to international travel to endemic regions. [26][27][28] The documented incubation period of mpox is 5-21 days and clinical symptoms range from widespread rashes with secondary fungal or bacterial skin infections or tissue death (necrosis) to intestine obstruction, and difficulties with the heart, lungs, urinary system, and nervous systems. 25,27 Since several Orthopoxvirus species share genetic and antigenic characteristics, getting infected with one of them may provide significant protection from getting infected with the others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…35 Notwithstanding difficulties in diagnostics, immunization, and availability to therapy in low-income countries, the characteristics of mpox in immunocompetent persons are well-defined. 28 Sexual contact was suspected as the mode of transmission in 95% of the 528 instances of mpox reported, with 98% of patients being gay or bisexual men. There were no fatalities, although 13% of patients needed hospitalization due to discomfort; a few patients needed hospitalization due to visual lesions, decreased oral intake, myocarditis, or acute kidney disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Monkeypox (mpox) in immunosuppressed patients

et al. 2023

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed a public health emergency in July 2022 due to the emergence of Mpox (formerly monkeypox) while the globe was still dealing with the COVID-19 epidemic. The characteristics of mpox in immunocompetent individuals are well-characterized, despite difficulties in diagnostics, immunization, and access to treatment that persist in low-income countries. Patients with weakened immune systems are more likely to spread an illness and die from it than healthy people because they cannot mount a protective immune response against it, such as a neutralizing IgG and poxvirus-specific Th1 response. A health warning on severe mpox in people who are immunocompromised due to Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other illnesses was released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on September 29, 2022. The advice does not specifically include primary immunodeficiency, but it does define other immunocompromising disorders as “having autoimmune disease with immunodeficiency as a clinical component”. Both those with healthy immune systems and those with weakened immune systems, such as those who are immunosuppressed, older people, children, etc., have encountered serious health issues, but the latter group is more likely to do so. According to the advisory, “of the people with severe mpox manifestations for whom CDC has been consulted, the majority have had HIV with CD4 counts 200 cells/ml, indicating substantial immunosuppression”. However, new cases are still expected to be discovered, especially in low-income countries with limited access to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, and where a large percentage of the mpox-infected population also has advanced HIV infection. Thus, further research is always needed to determine the best way to treat mpox in immunocompromised people. In this context, we discussed /reviewed the mpox clinical presentation, available treatment options and current preventive guidelines in immunocompromised patients.

show abstract

An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, Treatment and Clinical Management: Trends, Scope, Promise and Challenges

Cited by 5 publications

References 81 publications

Characterization of interventional clinical trials for monkeypox; systematic review of ClinicalTrials.gov database

Characterization of interventional clinical trials for monkeypox; systematic review of ClinicalTrials.gov database

Insights into the Transmission, Host Range, Genomics, Vaccination, and Current Epidemiology of the Monkeypox Virus

Monkeypox (mpox) in immunosuppressed patients

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About