Monkeypox: A focused narrative review for emergency medicine clinicians

Long, Brit; Koyfman, Alex; Gottlieb, Michael; Liang, Stephen Y.; Carius, Brandon M; Chavez, Summer; Brady, William J.

doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2022.08.026

Cited by 26 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…These tests are known as laboratory developed tests (LDTs) as they do not have FDA clearance or EUA. RT-PCR or NAATs performed on samples of monkeypox virus lesions have been shown to have a sensitivity and specificity above 95% and often approaching 100% in optimally collected specimens [6][7][8]. However, every test has limitations and 3 known monkeypox cases did not have virus detected on lesion samples due to a significant deletion of the tumor necrosis factor receptor gene in the virus, the target for the CDC West African monkeypox virus and generic monkeypox virus RT-PCR tests [9].…”

Section: Lesion-based Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is important to emphasize that a prior vaccinia-based vaccine, such as smallpox, could interfere with serology testing leading to false results. In general, serology lacks the sensitivity and specificity to make a diagnosis alone in most cases [6,16]. Despite the limited data and limitations of non-lesion specimen testing, the FDA is currently not enforcing requirements for certain LDTs not requesting EUA if they are appropriately validated and the FDA is notified [5].…”

Section: Testing Of Blood Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Options in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Monkeypox

Torres

2022

Curr Fungal Infect Rep

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Purpose of ReviewThis review summarizes the current options for human monkeypox virus diagnostic testing, vaccination, and treatment. Recent Findings Information on non-lesion monkeypox virus diagnostic testing is limited to small studies with unclear sensitivities and specificities. Early data on the JYNNEOS vaccine has shown a lower incidence of monkeypox infection among vaccinated individuals. Drug options for human monkeypox, which include tecovirimat, cidofovir, brincidofovir, and vaccinia immune globulin intravenous, are limited without an FDA-approved medication and data on drug efficacy pending. Summary Data on non-lesion-based tests for human monkeypox infection, though limited, seems promising for certain clinical manifestations and to potentially screen asymptomatic patients if there is conclusive evidence of asymptomatic transmission. Vaccination with JYNNEOS appears effective in the prevention of monkeypox infection in early data. Of the limited medications available for monkeypox, tecovirimat's safety profile appears to be the best with data suggestive of efficacy though further conclusive evidence from clinical trials is lacking.

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Section: Lesion-based Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Testing Of Blood Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Options in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Monkeypox

Torres

2022

Curr Fungal Infect Rep

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“…Vaughan et al reported the 2022 outbreak of the monkey pox virus disease over the World Health Organization European countries for a specific time [30]. Meaney Delman et al [31], Long et al [32], Lee and Morling [33], and Matias et al [34] showed some procedures for the limitation of monkey pox virus disease. Sah et al showed the monkey pox virus disease in Asia [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The basic reproductive ratio of the 2022 outbreak of the monkey pox virus disease for the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, the United Arab Emirates, and Nigeria

Al‐Raeei

2022

Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci

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Background A recent outbreak of the monkey pox virus disease (MPVD) started to spread over the world before the second half of the 2022 year. This outbreak of the monkey pox virus disease is known as the 2022 outbreak of the monkey pox virus disease. The monkey pox virus disease is a type of the pox disease similar to the human one. This disease is an endemic in some African countries; however, a new spreading of this disease started to appear in other countries, such as the Spain, brazil, Greece, the United Kingdom, and Portugal, Australia, and the USA. As of the end of September 2022, the MPVD spread over than 107 countries over the world. Results This study focuses on the employing of the simplest model of the diseases forecasting which is SIRD model for the finding of the basic reproductive ratio of the monkey pox virus disease in multiple countries over the world where the disease spreads. The model takes into accounts the number of the susceptible people, the number of the infectious people, the number of the recovered people, and the number of the deceased people. Based on the results of the SIRD model coefficients, we find that the basic reproductive ratio values of the recent spreading of the monkey pox virus disease are 1.3274 for the United Kingdom where the first case of the disease was recorded, 1.0714 for the United Arab Emirates, 1.0866 for Nigeria, 1.5589 for Brazil, and 1.3610 for Canada. Conclusions We find that the average value of the basic reproductive ratio of the 2022 outbreak of the monkey pox virus disease is about 1.2809. This important result of our calculations predicts that the 2022 outbreak of the monkey pox virus disease is turned into pandemic over the world. The things which confirm this result, based on our calculations, are the values of the basic reproductive ratio of the 2022 outbreak of the disease in the considered countries from multiple continents where all the values of the basic reproductive ratio are bigger than one. From this point, the counties over the world must apply multiple procedures for limiting the spreading of the monkey pox virus disease. Graphical Abstract

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“…Dear Editor, we would like to share ideas on “Monkeypox: A focused narrative review for emergency medicine clinicians [ 1 ].” For emergency practitioners to assure proper diagnosis and treatment of this growing disease, Long et al stated that understanding the appearance, evaluation, and management of monkeypox is crucial [ 1 ]. We both believe that the key to effectively containing the epidemic of monkeypox is an early diagnosis and fast treatment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%