Monkey kingdom

Cyranoski, David

doi:10.1038/532300a

Cited by 37 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…(C) Anterior-posterior and (D) lateral views showing perfusion deficit in the proximal end of MCA just following the injection of clot. (E) Anterior-posterior and (F) lateral views exhibiting no perfusion in the ICA segment at 3 h following the injection of clot potential preclinical studies, M. fascicularis (cynomolgus monkey) and M. mulatta (rhesus monkey), and the clot method are recommended as preferred species and the appropriate method for testing human neuroprotectants in translational stroke studies, respectively [50,66].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endovascular Ischemic Stroke Models in Nonhuman Primates

Chandra

Chen

et al. 2018

Neurotherapeutics

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To bridge the gap between rodent and human studies, the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable committee suggests that nonhuman primates (NHPs) be used for preclinical, translational stroke studies. Owing to the fact that vast majority of ischemic strokes are caused by transient or permanent occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel eventually leading to brain infarction, ischemia induced by endovascular methods closely mimics thromboembolic or thrombotic cerebrovascular occlusion in patients. This review will make a thorough summary of transient or permanent occlusions of a cerebral blood vessel in NHPs using endovascular methods. Then, advantages and disadvantages, and potential applications will be analyzed for each kind of models. Additionally, we also make a further analysis based on different kinds of emboli, various occlusion sites, infract size, abnormal hemodynamics, and potential dysfunctions. Experimental models of ischemic stroke in NHPs are valuable tools to analyze specific facets of stroke in patients, especially those induced by endovascular methods.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endovascular Ischemic Stroke Models in Nonhuman Primates

Chandra

Chen

et al. 2018

Neurotherapeutics

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“…This has been a tremendously powerful tool in the HIV field, having led to the original identification of, and mechanistic insights into, many of the host factors that control HIV-1 biology (for only a few examples, see [86,108–112]). As primate research becomes more tenuous [113], we need to keep in mind how powerful these comparative approaches have been in the study of HIV-1 and in the study of other viruses as well (for only a few examples, see [114–117]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective use of primate CD4 receptors by HIV-1

Warren¹,

Meyerson²,

Dirasantha³

et al. 2019

PLoS Biol

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Individuals chronically infected with HIV-1 harbor complex viral populations within their bloodstreams. Recently, it has come to light that when these people infect others, the new infection is typically established by only one or a small number of virions from within this complex viral swarm. An important goal is to characterize the biological properties of HIV-1 virions that seed and exist early in new human infections because these are potentially the only viruses against which a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine would need to elicit protection. This includes understanding how the Envelope (Env) protein of these virions interacts with the T-cell receptor CD4, which supports attachment and entry of HIV-1 into target cells. We examined early HIV-1 isolates for their ability to infect cells via the CD4 receptor of 15 different primate species. Primates were the original source of HIV-1 and now serve as valuable animal models for studying HIV-1. We find that most primary isolates of HIV-1 from the blood, including early isolates, are highly selective and enter cells through some primate CD4 receptor orthologs but not others. This phenotype is remarkably consistent, regardless of route of transmission, viral subtype, or time of isolation post infection. We show that the weak CD4 binding affinity of blood-derived HIV-1 isolates is what makes them sensitive to the small sequence differences in CD4 from one primate species to the next. To substantiate this, we engineered an early HIV-1 Env to have high, medium, or low binding affinity to CD4, and we show that it loses the ability to enter cells via the CD4 receptor of many primate species as the binding affinity gets weaker. Based on the phenotype of selective use of primate CD4, we find that weak CD4 binding appears to be a nearly universal property of HIV-1 circulating in the bloodstream. Therefore, weak binding to CD4 must be a selected and important property in the biology of HIV-1 in the body. We identify six primate species that encode CD4 receptors that fully support the entry of early HIV-1 isolates despite their low binding affinity for CD4. These findings will help inform long-standing efforts to model HIV-1 transmission and early disease in primates.

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“…By 2008, 40 primate-breeding centres in China contained over 40,000 individuals, mostly rhesus macaques, and the number has been steadily increasing in recent years (Jiang et al, 2015; Cyranoski, 2016). It is necessary to strengthen captive management and improve animal welfare, which was still inconsistent and rudimentary, since the concept has been introduced into mainland China only in the last few decades (Lu, Bayne & Wang, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation implications of primate trade in China over 18 years based on web news reports of confiscations

Wang

Weldon

et al. 2018

PeerJ

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Primate species have been increasingly threatened by legal and illegal trade in China, mainly for biomedical research or as pets and traditional medicine, yet most reports on trade from China regard international trade. To assess a proxy for amount of national primate trades, we quantified the number of reports of native primate species featuring in unique web news reports from 2000 to 2017, including accuracy of their identification, location where they were confiscated or rescued, and their condition upon rescue. To measure temporal trends across these categories, the time span was divided into three sections: 2000–2005, 2006–2011 and 2012–2017. A total of 735 individuals of 14 species were reported in 372 news reports, mostly rhesus macaques (n = 165, 22.5%, Macaca mulatta) and two species of slow lorises (n = 487, 66.3%, Nycticebus spp.). During the same period, live individuals of rhesus macaques were recorded 206 times (70,949 individuals) in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Trade Database, whereas slow lorises were only recorded four times (nine individuals), indicating that the species originated illegally from China or were illegally imported into China. Due to their rescued locations in residential areas (n = 211, 56.7%), most primates appeared to be housed privately as pets. A higher proportion of ‘market’ rescues during 2006–2011 (χ2 = 8.485, df = 2, p = 0.014), could be partly attributed to an intensive management on wildlife markets since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003. More than half (68.3%, 502 individuals) of the primate individuals were unhealthy, injured or dead when rescued. Thus, identification and welfare training and capacity-building should be provided to husbandry and veterinary professionals, as well as education to the public through awareness initiatives. The increase in presence of some species, especially slow lorises, with a declining population in restricted areas, also suggests the urgent need for public awareness about the illegal nature of keeping these taxa as pets.

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Monkey kingdom

Cited by 37 publications

References 5 publications

Endovascular Ischemic Stroke Models in Nonhuman Primates

Endovascular Ischemic Stroke Models in Nonhuman Primates

Selective use of primate CD4 receptors by HIV-1

Conservation implications of primate trade in China over 18 years based on web news reports of confiscations

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