Endovascular Ischemic Stroke Models in Nonhuman Primates

Abstract

To bridge the gap between rodent and human studies, the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable committee suggests that nonhuman primates (NHPs) be used for preclinical, translational stroke studies. Owing to the fact that vast majority of ischemic strokes are caused by transient or permanent occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel eventually leading to brain infarction, ischemia induced by endovascular methods closely mimics thromboembolic or thrombotic cerebrovascular occlusion in patients. This review will make a thorough summary of transient or permanent occlusions of a cerebral blood vessel in NHPs using endovascular methods. Then, advantages and disadvantages, and potential applications will be analyzed for each kind of models. Additionally, we also make a further analysis based on different kinds of emboli, various occlusion sites, infract size, abnormal hemodynamics, and potential dysfunctions. Experimental models of ischemic stroke in NHPs are valuable tools to analyze specific facets of stroke in patients, especially those induced by endovascular methods.

Reperfusion plus Selective Intra-arterial Cooling (SI-AC) Improve Recovery in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Stroke

“…But, it was difficult to make a biopsy to explore mechanisms in patients. NHP models have great advantages in translational studies, such as a bigger brain volume and higher percentage of WM, and possible pathological analysis [34]. In this study, we observed a tissue rescue from day 1 to day 30 based on MRI images.…”

Intranasal salvinorin A improves neurological outcome in rhesus monkey ischemic stroke model using autologous blood clot

“…Genetically, the genomic sequence similarity of non-human primates and humans is as high as 92%. 21 Anatomically, non-human primates have developed a complete Willis artery circle and distributions of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries as those in humans, 22–24 not to mention the ability of non-human primates to perform some of the sophisticated tasks, ensuring that neurological function could be assessed. 25 As such, as a transition to a potential clinical trial, a rhesus monkey ischemic model is used in this study.…”

A Reproducible New Model of Focal Ischemic Injury in the Marmoset Monkey: MRI and Behavioural Follow-Up

“…Endotracheal intubation may efficiently address the issue of respiratory failure and should be considered in future experiments. Prostration was a sign of cerebral compression caused by oedema, which can be fatal as reported in other non-human primate models of stroke [29]- [31]. In our study, we tackled this complication with high dose of dexamethasone, which improved symptoms drastically and prevented oedema-related mortality.…”