Monitoring the Long-Term Degradation Behavior of Biomimetic Bioadhesive Using Wireless Magnetoelastic Sensor

Abstract

The degradation behavior of a tissue adhesive is critical to its ability to repair a wound while minimizing prolonged inflammatory response. Traditional degradation tests can be expensive to perform, as they require large numbers of samples. The potential for using magnetoelastic resonant sensors to track bioadhesive degradation behavior was investigated. Specifically, biomimetic poly(ethylene glycol)- (PEG-) based adhesive was coated onto magnetoelastic (ME) sensor strips. Adhesive-coated samples were submerged in solutions buffered at multiple pH levels (5.7, 7.4 and 10.0) at body temperature (37°C) and the degradation behavior of the adhesive was tracked wirelessly by monitoring the changes in the resonant amplitude of the sensors for over 80 days. Adhesive incubated at pH 7.4 degraded over 75 days, which matched previously published data for bulk degradation behavior of the adhesive while utilizing significantly less material (~103 times lower). Adhesive incubated at pH 10.0 degraded within 25 days while samples incubated at pH 5.7 did not completely degrade even after 80 days of incubation. As expected, the rate of degradation increased with increasing pH as the rate of ester bond hydrolysis is higher under basic conditions. As a result of requiring a significantly lower amount of samples compared to traditional methods, the ME sensing technology is highly attractive for fully characterizing the degradation behavior of tissue adhesives in a wide range of physiological conditions.

Gelatin Microgel Incorporated Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Bioadhesive with Enhanced Adhesive Property and Bioactivity

“…The degradation behavior of PEGDM adhesive is comparable to PEG-based adhesive containing similar PEG-glutaric acid linkage. 25 , 45 …”

Correlating the mass and mechanical property changes during the degradation of PEG‐based adhesive

“…FTIR spectra of the coated‐strips exhibited peaks associated with PEG ether bonds (1103 cm −1 , ─C─O─C─), carbonyl group (1727 cm −1 , ester linkage), and alkyl group (2878 cm −1 , ─CH 2 ─) found in PEG‐DA (Supporting Information Figure S5). Based on FESEM image, the thickness of the dried adhesive coating was around 32 μm (Supporting Information Figure S6). The dry mass of the PEG‐DA coating was determined to be 0.0004 ± 0.0001 g. The sensor detector tracked the change in the resonance frequency and amplitude to determine their correlations with the degradation of PEG‐DA.…”

“…Parylene C‐coated strips were rinsed with ethanol and dried in vacuum. Parylene C‐coated strips were further treated with 10 mL of 10 mg mL −1 dopamine hydrochloride in 10 mM Tris–HCl buffer (pH 8.5) to create a thin polydopamine primer layer . Each side of the ME sensor strip was exposed to the dopamine hydrochloride solution for 30 min each, and the coated strips were dried in vacuum.…”

“…Each PEG‐DA‐coated sensor ( n = 7) was submerged in 2 mL of PBS buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 °C. Every two days, the resonance amplitude and frequency of each sensor strip were determined using a custom ME resonant sensor detector . At each time point, three frequency sweep experiments (frequency = 150–170 kHz with a resolution of 20 Hz) were performed for each sensor using a 2000 mV DC offset.…”

Streptavidin and gold nanoparticles-based dual signal amplification for sensitive magnetoelastic sensing of mercury using a specific aptamer probe

“…Fortunately, the wireless magnetoelastic sensors (WMS) have been developed for detecting Staphylococcus [12], Escherichia coli O157:H7 [13], breast cancer cell [14], and so on. These sensors have some noteworthy advantages of being low cost, remote query and high sensitivity [15][16][17]. Nanomaterials such as graphene oxide (GO) have attracted much interest recently [18][19][20][21][22].…”