Monitoring polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in Africa since the implementation of the Stockholm Convention—an overview

Pius, Christina; Sichilongo, Kwenga; Mswela, Pulane Koosaletse; Dikinya, Oagile

doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3629-z

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) continue to be a threat to the environment due to continued emissions. The Stockholm Convention on POPs in the year 2001 restricted the usage of POPs; however, it was only in 2004 that the resolution was put in effect [ 68 ]. Long after the adoption by the conference committee, the continued exposure to POPs can be attributed to heavy industrial activities which include the waste management sector and other industries that use additives and pesticides [ 68 , 69 ].…”

Section: Environmental Chemical Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Stockholm Convention on POPs in the year 2001 restricted the usage of POPs; however, it was only in 2004 that the resolution was put in effect [ 68 ]. Long after the adoption by the conference committee, the continued exposure to POPs can be attributed to heavy industrial activities which include the waste management sector and other industries that use additives and pesticides [ 68 , 69 ]. Persistent organic pollutants are carbon-based and can be in vapor form or as adsorbed by atmospheric particles [ 70 , 71 ].…”

Section: Environmental Chemical Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Southern Africa and the rest of Africa largely depend on agriculture for subsistence [ 68 ]. In South Africa, the food industry is regulated by three departments, namely: the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), The National Department of Health (NDoH), and the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF).…”

Section: Regulatory Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical Contamination Pathways and the Food Safety Implications along the Various Stages of Food Production: A Review

Lebelo

Malebo

Mochane

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Historically, chemicals exceeding maximum allowable exposure levels have been disastrous to underdeveloped countries. The global food industry is primarily affected by toxic chemical substances because of natural and anthropogenic factors. Food safety is therefore threatened due to contamination by chemicals throughout the various stages of food production. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the form of pesticides and other chemical substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) have a widely documented negative impact due to their long-lasting effect on the environment. This present review focuses on the chemical contamination pathways along the various stages of food production until the food reaches the consumer. The contamination of food can stem from various sources such as the agricultural sector and pollution from industrialized regions through the air, water, and soil. Therefore, it is imperative to control the application of chemicals during food packaging, the application of pesticides, and antibiotics in the food industry to prevent undesired residues on foodstuffs. Ultimately, the protection of consumers from food-related chemical toxicity depends on stringent efforts from regulatory authorities both in developed and underdeveloped nations.

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Section: Environmental Chemical Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmental Chemical Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical Contamination Pathways and the Food Safety Implications along the Various Stages of Food Production: A Review

Lebelo

Malebo

Mochane

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Recently, Pius et al [79] have published an overview of the available information on the release of PCDD/Fs (and also dl-PCBs) and other critical data relevant to their monitoring in Africa since the existence of the Stockholm Convention. That review summarizes data on human exposure including PCDD/F levels in blood samples (which have been above discussed), human milk, and environmental samples such as soil and sediments.…”

Section: Other Data From African Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of PCDD/Fs in Human Blood: A Review of Data from the Current Decade

Marquès

Domingo

2019

IJERPH

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDD/Fs) are environmental pollutants with great persistence, the capacity of bioaccumulation, and well known important toxic effects in humans and animals. Incinerators of hazardous, municipal and medical waste, chlorine bleaching of paper pulp, cement plants, and the traffic of motor vehicles are the most frequent emission sources of these compounds. The diet, followed at a great distance by inhalation, is generally the main way of human exposure to PCDD/Fs. Human biomonitoring is of great importance to prevent potential adverse effects derived from exposure to chemicals such as PCDD/Fs. In relation to this, blood is among the most used biological monitors. In the current review, we have summarized the recent information (2000–2009) published in the scientific literature (databases: Scopus and PubMed) on the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in blood samples of non-occupationally exposed populations, as well as in some groups of occupationally exposed individuals. We have revised a number of studies conducted in various African, American, Asian and European countries, and Australia. Unfortunately, the information is quite limited. No data are available for most countries over the world. Based on the results here reviewed, where available, the current health risks for the general populations do not seem to be of concern. Moreover, taking into account the important reductions observed in the levels of PCDD/Fs in foodstuffs, new decreases in the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in blood—and other biological tissues—are very probable in the immediate years.

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“…Extended Data 5)46 . In D. R. Congo alone PCDD/Fs amount to 300,412 g/TEQ/a (grams per toxic equivalent per year)47 . It is followed by China (10,232), India (8,658), Indonesia (7,352) and Nigeria (5,340).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The world-wide waste web

Martínez

Estrada

2021

Preprint

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Globally, 7-10 billion tonnes of waste are produced annually1,2, including 300-500 million tonnes of hazardous wastes (HW) --explosive, inflammable, toxic, corrosive, and infective ones3,4. About 10%5 of these HW are traded through a world-wide waste web (W4). The volume of HW traded through the W4 in the last 30 years has grown by 500%6 and will continue to grow7, creating serious legal8, economic6, environmental9 and health10 problems at global scale. Here we investigate the tip of the iceberg of the W4 by studying networks of 108 categories of wastes traded among 163 countries in the period 2003-2009. Although, most of the HW were traded between developed nations, a disproportionate asymmetry existed in the flow of waste from developed to developing countries. Using a dynamical model we simulate how waste congestion propagates through the W4. We identify 32 countries with poor environmental performance which are at high risk of waste congestion. Therefore, they are a threat of improper handling and disposal of HW. We found contamination by heavy metals (HM), by volatile organic compounds (VOC) and/or by persistent organic pollutants (POP), which were used as chemical fingerprints (CF) of the improper handling of HW in 94% of these countries.

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Monitoring polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in Africa since the implementation of the Stockholm Convention—an overview

Cited by 24 publications

References 52 publications

Chemical Contamination Pathways and the Food Safety Implications along the Various Stages of Food Production: A Review

Chemical Contamination Pathways and the Food Safety Implications along the Various Stages of Food Production: A Review

Concentrations of PCDD/Fs in Human Blood: A Review of Data from the Current Decade

The world-wide waste web

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