Monitoring of PCDD/Fs in a mountain forest by means of active and passive sampling

Persistent aryl hydrocarbon receptor inducers increase with altitude, and estrogen-like disrupters are low in soils of the Alps

“…Additionally, four low mountain range forest sites (Bavarian forest samples, around 1150 m a.s.l.) were also included in this study: Haidel (DE-H), Boubin (CZ-B), Mitterfels (DE-M), and Ruckowitzschachten (DE-R) (Levy et al 2007). Figure 1 shows the sampling sites with their corresponding codes.…”

Partitioning of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOH) to semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD)

“…SPMD were fixed in a Stevenson screen box made of untreated wood and placed 2.5 m above ground level at the area of the Helmholtz Zentrum München located in the north of Munich, Germany. There, they were protected from direct sunlight and wet deposition, and air flow turbulences were minimized (Levy et al 2007). This experimental set-up prevents any saturation effects of FTOH in the air resulting in an equilibrium between FTOH concentrations in air and SPMD.…”

“…Polyurethane foam disks (PUF), impregnated with XAD-4, and tubes filled with XAD-2 were recently used for FTOH determination (Loewen et al 2008;Shoeib et al 2008). Dialysis tubings henceforth referred to as semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD), consisting of a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) membrane filled with triolein, were used as passive samplers for the determination of various hydrophobic organic compounds such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (Levy et al 2007;Lu et al 2002;Van drooge et al 2005;Zhu et al 2007). In contrast to PUF disks mentioned above, they can be used in water and air.…”

Toxicidade equivalente da atmosfera por dioxinas, furanos e bifenilas policloradas,com uso de duas técnicas de coleta, passiva e ativa

“…Em conjunto essas redes de monitoramento e pesquisas locais ou regionais (LEVY et al, 2007;DE LA TORRE et al, 2016;ROOTS et al,2015;) fornecem informações sobre a distribuição e transporte atmosférico dos POPs, tendências temporal e espacial, e relação destes compostos com fontes de poluição. Outras informações sobre as redes de monitoramento da Figura 1 estão disponíveis no Apêndice A.…”

“…O termo k A está altamente correlacionado a velocidade do vento, alcançando valores elevados em situação de vento forte (POZO et al, 2004). O volume acumulado no amostrador passivo (V PUF ) é dado por (SHOEIB e HARNER, 2002): Para compostos mais voláteis que alcançam fase curvilinear e de equilíbrio no PUF, como PAHs com 3 anéis aromáticos, o volume efetivo de ar coletado é dado por (HARNER et al, 2013): , 2002;TUDURI et al, 2006;HAZRATI e HARRAD, 2007;KLANOVÁ et al, 2008;CHAEMFA et al, 2009 (LEVY et al, 2007;ROOTS et al, 2015;, estas ferramentas são consideradas semiquantitativas em função das concentrações de COSV serem derivadas a partir de estimativas da taxa de coleta (BOHLIN et al, 2014a e estarem sujeitas às influências de variáveis meterológicas e ambientais (TUDURI et al, 2006;KLANOVÁ et al, 2008;MELYMUK et al, 2011). As principais incertezas relacionadas a coleta de COSV com coletores passivos de discos de PUF são apresentadas a seguir:…”