Monitoring Master Swimmers’ Performance and Active Drag Evolution along a Training Mesocycle

Neiva, Henrique P.; Fernandes, Ricardo J.; Cardoso, Ricardo; Marinho, Daniel A.; Abraldes, J. Arturo

doi:10.3390/ijerph18073569

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Recently, it was showed that master swimmers improved their front crawl sprint performance (in 25 m) after four weeks of a typical training mesocycle, including aerobic conditioning and also anaerobic training series and technical development exercises, particularly by increasing the speeds and lowering the speed decrease along the maximal bout [36]. The observations in our study corroborate with the assumptions of these authors, that swimming training enhance kinematic proficiency in swimming.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The Effects of 12 Weeks In-Water Training in Stroke Kinematics, Dry-Land Power, and Swimming Sprints Performance in Master Swimmers

Espada¹,

Santos²,

Conceição³

et al. 2022

JOMH

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Background: Master swimming is becoming increasingly popular, but research related to the training process and its effect on this population is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks in-water training in stroke kinematics, dry-land power, and swimming sprints performance in master swimmers, and the relationships between these variables in this sports population. Methods: 15 healthy and physically active male master swimmers (age 32.3 ± 5.1 years, height 1.81 ± 0.04 m, body mass 77.0 ± 6.5 kg, training experience of 11 ± 4 years and average swimming training volume ~2.5 km/day, 3 times a week) participated in the study. Previously and after the intervention program, entirely water-based, swimmers were tested in a dry-land environment to assess their upper and lower body limbs (UL and LL) strength through power measurements, namely countermovement jumps (CMJ), seated 3 kg medicine ball throwing (MBT) and maximal isometric strength with handgrip (HG). In-water 50 m maximal front crawl swimming test was also completed. Swimming performance at 15, 25, and 50 m (T15, T25, and T50) was determined, and the associated stroke kinematics. During the intervention program period, swimming training comprised three sessions per week (7.5 ± 0.9 km per microcycle), with lowto high-intensity aerobic and anaerobic swimming series and technical drills. Results: T25 significantly decreased after 12 weeks of training (18.82 ± 2.92 vs. 18.60 ± 2.87 sec, p = 0.02), the same was observed in the case of T50 (40.36 ± 7.54 vs. 38.32 ± 6.41 sec, p = 0.00). Changes in stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) in swimming performance at 15 m were not observed, contrarily to 25 and 50 m, where SL and SI significantly increased. MBT and HG improved, but not CMJ, and improvements in T15, T25 and T50 were mostly related to kinematic proficiency improvement. Conclusions: 12 weeks of in-water training in master swimmers significantly enhance performance time in 25 and 50 m front crawl swimming. SL and SI are also improved and are the variables that most influence T15, T25 and T50 when compared to SR and dry-land power variables. Centering the training process not only in in-water tasks in master swimmers seem to be of relevant interest since age influences stroke kinematic and power variables.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The Effects of 12 Weeks In-Water Training in Stroke Kinematics, Dry-Land Power, and Swimming Sprints Performance in Master Swimmers

Espada¹,

Santos²,

Conceição³

et al. 2022

JOMH

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“…Indeed, Kolmogorov et al (1997) supported the idea that elite swimmers have a greater ability to reduce D a than non-elite swimmers. More recently, Neiva et al (2021) analyzed the effects of a swimming training mesocycle on the performance and D a of master swimmers in front crawl. The authors concluded that there is an improvement in the performance of master swimmers after 4 weeks of aerobic training.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical and experimental methods used to evaluate active drag in swimming: A systematic narrative review

et al. 2022

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Introduction: In swimming, it is necessary to understand and identify the main factors that are important to reduce active drag and, consequently, improve the performance of swimmers. However, there is no up-to-date review in the literature clarifying this topic. Thus, a systematic narrative review was performed to update the body of knowledge on active drag in swimming through numerical and experimental methods.Methods: To determine and identify the most relevant studies for this review, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach was used.Results: 75 studies related to active drag in swimming and the methodologies applied to study them were analyzed and kept for synthesis. The included studies showed a high-quality score by the Delphi scale (mean score was 5.85 ± 0.38). Active drag was included in seven studies through numerical methods and 68 through experimental methods. In both methods used by the authors to determine the drag, it can be concluded that the frontal surface area plays a fundamental role. Additionally, the technique seems to be a determining factor in reducing the drag force and increasing the propulsive force. Drag tends to increase with speed and frontal surface area, being greater in adults than in children due to body density factors and high levels of speed. However, the coefficient of drag decreases as the technical efficiency of swimming increases (i.e., the best swimmers (the fastest or most efficient) are those with the best drag and swimming hydrodynamics efficiency).Conclusion: Active drag was studied through numerical and experimental methods. There are significantly fewer numerical studies than experimental ones. This is because active drag, as a dynamical phenomenon, is too complex to be studied numerically. Drag is greater in adults than in children and greater in men than in women across all age groups. The study of drag is increasingly essential to collaborate with coaches in the process of understanding the fundamental patterns of movement biomechanics to achieve the best performance in swimming. Although most agree with these findings, there is disagreement in some studies, especially when it is difficult to define competitive level and age. The disagreement concerns three main aspects: 1) period of the studies and improvement of methodologies; 2) discrimination of methodologies between factors observed in numerical vs. experimental methods; 3) evidence that drag tends to be non-linear and depends on personal, technical, and stylistic factors. Based on the complexity of active drag, the study of this phenomenon must continue to improve swimming performance.

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“…The hydrodynamic force acting on other parts is the same as the swimming direction; that is, propulsion is generated. In this sense, the hydrodynamic force acting on the entire human body is the resultant force of the dynamic resistance

and propulsion

[ 19 ]—that is, their algebraic sum—which can be written as the following formula:

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ruiz-Navarro et al explored the relationship between underwater fluctuations and kinematics [ 17 ], which enabled us to understand the impact of the swimming environment. Other work also mainly focuses on the analysis of swimmers themselves [ 18 ] or the swimming environment [ 19 ]. Other works analyze a part, such as the arms [ 20 ] or skin [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploration of Internal and External Factors of Swimmers’ Performance Based on Biofluid Mechanics and Computer Simulation

Liu

Lü

Chen

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of different swimming strokes on the performance of swimmers and the resistance of each part from the perspective of hydrodynamics. In this paper, the influence of internal and external factors on the swimming speed is analyzed comprehensively and meticulously from the macro and micro perspectives. In the macroscopic part, the swimming speed representation model is established, and the validity of the model is further verified by the analysis of experimental data and hydrodynamic equations. In the microscopic part, we carefully analyzed details such as the opening angle of the palm, the timing of the arm and leg and the angular velocity of each link of the human body. Combined with computer simulation, stereo modeling and numerical analysis are carried out, and the best scheme FOR how to cooperate with each part of the body in swimming is given.

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Monitoring Master Swimmers’ Performance and Active Drag Evolution along a Training Mesocycle

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

The Effects of 12 Weeks In-Water Training in Stroke Kinematics, Dry-Land Power, and Swimming Sprints Performance in Master Swimmers

The Effects of 12 Weeks In-Water Training in Stroke Kinematics, Dry-Land Power, and Swimming Sprints Performance in Master Swimmers

Numerical and experimental methods used to evaluate active drag in swimming: A systematic narrative review

Exploration of Internal and External Factors of Swimmers’ Performance Based on Biofluid Mechanics and Computer Simulation

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