Momentum conservation and the vector potential of moving charges

Fowles, G. R.

doi:10.1119/1.12263

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Holding an opposite view are Heaviside and Hertz who envisaged the vector potential as merely an auxiliary artifact to computation (see Refs. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]). The physicality of the vector potential is now well proven experimentally [35] and it was shown that in certain well-defined situations are measurable and possess a topology transforming according to the SU(2) group [36].…”

Section: The Electromagnetic Origin Of Inertiamentioning

confidence: 98%

On the Electromagnetic Origin of Inertia and Inertial Mass

Martins¹,

Pinheiro

2008

Int J Theor Phys

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We address the problem of inertial property of matter through analysis of the motion of an extended charged particle. Our approach is based on the continuity equation for momentum (Newton's second law) taking due account of the vector potential and its convective derivative. We obtain a development in terms of retarded potentials allowing an intuitive physical interpretation of its main terms. The inertial property of matter is then discussed in terms of a kind of induction law related to the extended charged particle's own vector potential. Moreover, it is obtained a force term that represents a drag force acting on the charged particle when in motion relatively to its own vector potential field lines. The time rate of variation of the particle's vector potential leads to the acceleration inertia reaction force, equivalent to the Schott term responsible for the source of the radiation field. We also show that the velocity dependent term of the particle's vector potential is connected with the relativistic increase of mass with velocity and generates a longitudinal stress force that is the source of electric field lines deformation. In the framework of classical electrodynamics, we have shown that the electron mass has possibly a complete electromagnetic origin and the obtained covariant equation solves the "4/3 mass paradox" for a spherical charge distribution.

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Section: The Electromagnetic Origin Of Inertiamentioning

confidence: 98%

On the Electromagnetic Origin of Inertia and Inertial Mass

Martins¹,

Pinheiro

2008

Int J Theor Phys

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“…Graham and Lahoz have made three important experiments (Graham and Lahoz 1979, 1980, Walter and Lahoz 1975. While the first experiment provided an experimental observation of the Abraham force in a dielectric, the second one has provided evidence of a reaction force which appears in magnetite.…”

Section: Interaction With the Vacuummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where we denote by S ne the entropy when the system is in a state out of equilibrium. The first term on the rhs is the bodily momentum associated with the motion of the center of mass M; the second term represents the rotational momentum; the third is the momentum of the joint electromagnetic field of the moving charges (Scanio 1975, Fowles 1980); finally, the last term is a new momentum term, physically understood as a kind of 'entropic momentum' since it is ultimately associated with the information exchanged with the medium from the physical system viewpoint (e.g., momentum that is eventually radiated by the charged particle). Lorentz's equations do not change when time is reversed, but when retarded potentials are applied the time delay of electromagnetic signals on different parts of the system do not allow perfect compensation of internal forces, introducing irreversibility into the system (Ritz 1908).…”

Section: Deducing the Linear Momentum Of A Body On The Basis Of Stati...mentioning

confidence: 99%

On Newton's third law and its symmetry-breaking effects

Pinheiro¹

2011

Phys. Scr.

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The law of action-reaction, considered by Ernst Mach the cornerstone of physics, is thoroughly used to derive the conservation laws of linear and angular momentum. However, the conflict between momentum conservation law and Newton's third law, on experimental and theoretical grounds, call for more attention. We give a background survey of several questions raised by the action-reaction law and, in particular, the role of the physical vacuum is shown to provide an appropriate framework to clarify the occurrence of possible violations of the action-reaction law. Then, in the framework of statistical mechanics, using a maximizing entropy procedure, we obtain an expression for the general linear momentum of a body-particle. The new approach presented here shows that Newton's third law is not verified in systems out of equilibrium due to an additional entropic gradient term present in the particle's momentum.

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“…More recently, Mead (1997) derived standard results of electromagnetic theory of the direct interaction of macroscopic quantum systems assuming solely the Einstein-de Broglie relations, the discrete nature of charge, the Green's function for the vector potential, and the continuity of the wave function -without any reference to Maxwell's equations. Holding an opposite view are Heaviside and Hertz who envisaged in the vector potential merely as an auxiliary artifact to computation (Semon and Taylor, 1996;Coïsson, 1973;Konopinski, 1978;Calkin, 1979;Gingras, 1980;Jackson and Okun, 2001;Iencinella and Matteucci, 2004;Fowles, 1980). In this paper inertia is discussed in terms of the "potential momentum", or vector potential created by the particle, as the primary source for the inertia force.…”

Section: The Electromagnetic Origin Of Inertia Propertymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Connection between Inertial Forces and the Vector Potential

Martins

Pinheiro

2007

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. The inertia property of matter is discussed in terms of a type of induction law related to the extended charged particle's own vector potential. Our approach is based on the Lagrangian formalism of canonical momentum writing Newton's second law in terms of the vector potential and a development in terms of obtaining retarded potentials, that allow an intuitive physical interpretation of its main terms. This framework provides a clear physical insight on the physics of inertia. It is shown that the electron mass has a complete electromagnetic origin and the covariant equation obtained solves the "4/3 mass paradox". This provides a deeper insight into the significance of the main terms of the equation of motion. In particular a force term is obtained from the approach based on the continuity equation for momentum that represents a drag force the charged particle feels when in motion relatively to its own vector potential field lines. Thus, the time derivative of the particle's vector potential leads to the acceleration inertia reaction force and is equivalent to the Schott term responsible for the source of the radiation field. We also show that the velocity dependent term of the particle's vector potential is connected with the relativistic increase of mass with velocity and generates a stress force that is the source of electric field lines deformation. This understanding broadens the possibility to manipulate inertial mass and potentially suggests some mechanisms for possible applications to electromagnetic propulsion and the development of advanced space propulsion physics.

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Momentum conservation and the vector potential of moving charges

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

On the Electromagnetic Origin of Inertia and Inertial Mass

On the Electromagnetic Origin of Inertia and Inertial Mass

On Newton's third law and its symmetry-breaking effects

The Connection between Inertial Forces and the Vector Potential

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