Molybdenum Nitrides, Carbides and Phosphides as Highly Efficient Catalysts for the (hydro)Deoxygenation Reaction

Abstract

Transition metal nitrides, carbides and phosphides have the potential to replace the expensive and hazardous catalysts typically used for the conversion of fatty acids. However, there has been little research on the influence of treatment conditions and precursor nature on the properties of such catalytic systems. To better understand these dependencies, we synthesized a number of Mo catalysts by temperature‐programmed reduction (700‐900 °C; CH4/N2, N2/H2) using ammonium heptamolybdate, diammonium phosphate and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) as Mo, C, N and P sources. The presence of HMT in the precursor mixtures ensured the synthesis of pure phase Mo2C, Mo2N and MoP. Catalytic activity in the (hydro)deoxygenation of stearic acid (240 min; 360 °C; 50 bar of H2) decreased in the following order: Mo2C>Mo2N>MoP. However, all of the studied Mo‐based catalysts showed good deoxygenation efficiency and, thus, represent excellent alternatives to traditional noble and sulfur‐containing catalysts.

Recent advances in the catalytic deoxygenation of plant oils and prototypical fatty acid models compounds: Catalysis, process, and kinetics

“…Furthermore, the mechanistic insights of non-noble-based catalysts such as metal carbides, metal nitrides, and metal phosphide supported catalysts in the CDO reaction have also become a "hot-topic" lately [103,104]. All these emerging catalysts have demonstrated superior catalytic performances and high selectivity in producing hydrocarbons compared to conventional noble metal catalysts.…”

Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil to bio-gasoline and bio-aviation fuels using molybdenum nitride-bentonite catalyst

“…43 As a result, this catalyst provides good potential properties with a relatively less expensive and more selective alternative than other catalysts. 44 Molybdenum nitride have been extensively studied in the hydrodeoxygenation, 41,44,45 ammonia decomposition, 42,46 NO reduction with H 2 , 47 hydrogenation, 48,49 methane dry reforming, 50,51 and so forth. According to the literature review, neither studies nor reports have been conducted regarding the modication of bentonite using molybdenum nitrite and its application for hydrocracking of palm oil into biofuels.…”

Identification of Active Metal Carbide and Nitride Catalytic Facets for Hydrodeoxygenation Reactions

“…Cost-effective metal carbide and nitride catalysts are considered as viable alternatives to noble-metal catalysts. , For example, Fe/Pt and Fe/Mo 2 C show similar furfural HDO activity, demonstrating the Mo 2 C can be used as an alternative to a precious metal catalyst such as Pt . Additionally, numerous studies have demonstrated that metal carbide and nitride catalysts have high catalytic activity for CO/C–OH/C–O–C bond cleavage in the HDO reaction. ,− For example, the Mo 2 C and Mo 2 N catalysts were reported to show 91% and 60% efficiency for the stearic acid HDO reaction, respectively . The VN catalyst has shown the best activity for the benzofuran HDO reaction among Mo 2 C, WC, Mo 2 N, VN, NbC, VC, and TiN .…”

“…4,21−25 For example, the Mo 2 C and Mo 2 N catalysts were reported to show 91% and 60% efficiency for the stearic acid HDO reaction, respectively. 26 The VN catalyst has shown the best activity for the benzofuran HDO reaction among Mo 2 C, WC, Mo 2 N, VN, NbC, VC, and TiN. 23 The Mo found to be highly selective in breaking the C−O/CO bond.…”