Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil to bio-gasoline and bio-aviation fuels using molybdenum nitride-bentonite catalyst

Hasanudin, Hasanudin; Asri, Wan Ryan; Said, Muhammad; Hidayati, Putri Tamara; Purwaningrum, Widia; Novia, Novia; Wijaya, Karna

doi:10.1039/d2ra02438a

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Furthermore, a prolonged metal loading to 8 mEq/g dramatically increases the acidity of the catalyst up to 1.27 mmol of pyridine/g. This condition was presumably associated with more acid sites presented in the zeolite-Ni(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 catalyst . However, higher metal loading (10 mEq/g) decreased the acidity of the catalyst to 1.106 mmol of pyridine/g, which might be due to the agglomeration of nickel phosphate on zeolite.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This condition was presumably associated with more acid sites presented in the zeolite-Ni(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 catalyst. 62 However, higher metal loading (10 mEq/g) decreased the acidity of the catalyst to 1.106 mmol of pyridine/g, which might be due to the agglomeration of nickel phosphate on zeolite. A similar condition was reported by Susi et al 63 when preparing zeolite loaded with nickel.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Enhanced Isopropyl Alcohol Conversion over Acidic Nickel Phosphate-Supported Zeolite Catalysts

et al. 2022

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In this preliminary research, the catalytic activity of isopropyl alcohol conversion to diisopropyl ether through dehydration reaction catalyzed by zeolite-Ni and zeolite-Ni(H2PO4)2 was comparatively described. The natural zeolite was treated with 1% HF and 6 N HCl prior to modifications using the impregnation method. Isopropyl alcohol conversion was examined at a mild temperature of 150 °C for 3.5 h on the reflux system with various catalyst loadings. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the successful impregnation of nickel and nickel phosphate into the zeolite. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed a cubic-like structure on zeolite-Ni(H2PO4)2, whereas homogenously distributed nickel species were observed on the zeolite-Ni catalyst. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis reinforced the accomplishment of zeolite modifications. The N2 physisorption isotherms showed a decline in the surface area and total pore volume of the zeolite because of the blocking of pores. The zeolite-Ni(H2PO4)2 catalyst had higher acidity than unmodified zeolite and zeolite-Ni catalysts, which inherently suggested that the presence of phosphate groups results in higher catalytic activity toward isopropyl alcohol. The highest catalytic activity was attained by 8 mEq/g metal loading zeolite-Ni(H2PO4)2 with isopropyl alcohol conversion of 81.51%, diisopropyl ether yield, and selectivity of 40.77 and 33.16%. The reusability study suggested that the zeolite-Ni(H2PO4)2 catalyst was still active and had sufficient catalytic activity stability toward isopropyl alcohol after the third cycle was reused. This nickel phosphate-based modified zeolite was adequately potential for diisopropyl ether production through isopropyl alcohol dehydration.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Enhanced Isopropyl Alcohol Conversion over Acidic Nickel Phosphate-Supported Zeolite Catalysts

et al. 2022

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“…The statistical diagnostic was conducted to understand the development of the model (Figure 5). The normal plot (Figure 5a) revealed a straight line that expressed a decent direct agreement between normal probability (%) and externally studentized residuals (Hasanudin, Asri, Said et al, 2022). It appeared that the response transformation was not required and that there were no major problems with the data's normality (Chandane et al, 2020).…”

Section: Model Development and Anovamentioning

confidence: 93%

Potential of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester as Diesel Blends Produced from Free Fatty Acid in Waste Cooking Oil Catalyzed by Montmorillonite-Sulfonated Carbon

Hasanudin¹,

Asri²,

Putri³

et al. 2023

JST

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This research, biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO), was conducted using a montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon catalyst from molasses. The biodiesel product would be blended with diesel fuel with various volume variations to see its fuel properties. The catalyst was assessed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, and acidity analysis using the titration method. The effect of the weight ratio of montmorillonite to sulfonated carbon was also evaluated. The process of esterification reaction was optimized using the response surface methodology with a central composite design (RSM-CCD). The study showed that the weight ratio of montmorillonite to sulfonated carbon of 1:3 generated the highest acidity of 9.79 mmol/g with a prominent enhanced surface area and was further employed to optimize the esterification reaction. The optimum condition was obtained at a reaction temperature of 78.12°C, catalyst weight of 2.98 g, and reaction time of 118.27 with an FFA conversion of 74.101%. The optimum condition for the mixture of FAME and diesel fuel was achieved at the composition of the B20 blend, which met the FAME standard. The reusability study revealed that the catalyst had adequate stability at three consecutive runs, with a reduced performance was 18.60%. The reduction of FFA conversion was due to the leaching of the catalyst’s active site. This study disclosed that the FAME generated from the esterification of FFA on WCO-catalyzed montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon had a promising option as biodiesel blends for increasing the quality of commercial diesel.

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“… 45 First, the reactor was saturated using H 2 atmosphere in order to eliminate oxygen gas. In this process, 32 11.94 g min −1 CPO flow rate was used and controlled by a peristaltic pump, and 12 g of the catalyst weight was employed. Hydrocracking was conducted at 450 °C for 0.12 h with a gas flow of H 2 of 2 mL s −1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21) have been extensively employed for the hydrocracking reaction. Along with the expanding interest and exploration in the use of heterogeneous catalysts, it appears that metal phosphide 29,30 and metal nitride-based 31,32 catalysts have attracted deep interest due to their distinctive properties with various potential applications. Some of the appealing aspects of adopting this active phase include the fact that it is less expensive than noble metal catalysts and less prone to catalyst deactivation than non-noble catalysts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrocracking of crude palm oil to a biofuel using zirconium nitride and zirconium phosphide-modified bentonite

et al. 2022

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Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil to bio-gasoline and bio-aviation fuels using molybdenum nitride-bentonite catalyst

Abstract: In this study, molybdenum nitride-bentonite was successfully employed for the reaction of hydrocracking of palm oil to produce a bio-gasoline and bio-aviation fuel.

Cited by 17 publications

References 92 publications

Enhanced Isopropyl Alcohol Conversion over Acidic Nickel Phosphate-Supported Zeolite Catalysts

Enhanced Isopropyl Alcohol Conversion over Acidic Nickel Phosphate-Supported Zeolite Catalysts

Potential of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester as Diesel Blends Produced from Free Fatty Acid in Waste Cooking Oil Catalyzed by Montmorillonite-Sulfonated Carbon

Hydrocracking of crude palm oil to a biofuel using zirconium nitride and zirconium phosphide-modified bentonite

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