“…Consequently, biologic stability is generally more nuanced than that of small molecules and is more prone to incompatibility with conventional physical and chemical processing used in the fabrication of drug delivery devices. For any given biologic, physical and chemical stability, tendency for aggregation, or freeze–thaw behavior must all be investigated and may require formulation optimization to mitigate any shortcomings . Processes of denaturing, fragmentation, and aggregation can be impacted by protein concentrations, solution pH or osmolarity, solvent–protein interactions, or even physical pressure. , Whether administered by injection, with a metered pump, or a permanent implant, delivery of biologics commonly relies on aqueous formulations of drug, where preparation of the administered drug is separated from its mode of delivery.…”