Molecularly designed, solvent processable tetraalkylammonium-functionalized fluoropolyolefin for durable anion exchange membrane fuel cells

Alkaline membrane fuel cells: anion exchange membranes and fuels

“…101 The standard method for the measurement of ion conductivity is impedance spectroscopy, which is carried out on the AEM samples aer the pre-treatment. A two-point probe, 95 or four-point probe 92,94,101 alternating (AC) impedance spectroscopy technique can be used. Usually measurements are made in the longitudinal direction.…”

“…92,94 The cell is also immersed in water, which was previously degassed and blanketed with owing Ar to avoid carbonation and preserve the OH À form of the samples. 95,98 Some research groups also placed the testing assembly into an oven with controlled temperature and humidity to minimise errors due to the effect of CO 2 interferences. 101 The impedance was measured over a broad frequency range (from 1 MHz to 100 Hz, 88,101 100 mHz to 100 kHz, 95,98 100 kHz (ref.…”

“…95,98 Some research groups also placed the testing assembly into an oven with controlled temperature and humidity to minimise errors due to the effect of CO 2 interferences. 101 The impedance was measured over a broad frequency range (from 1 MHz to 100 Hz, 88,101 100 mHz to 100 kHz, 95,98 100 kHz (ref. 92, 94 and 160)).…”

“…155 A standard method ASTM D-1708 can be used for the measurement of mechanical properties, including tensile strength (MPa), Young's modulus (MPa) and elongation at break (%). 95 Membranes are immersed in deionised water, or heated at a certain temperature for 24 hours to obtain fully saturated or fully dry samples, respectively. Then the mechanical properties are measured.…”

Poly(aryl ether nitrile)s containing flexible side-chain-type quaternary phosphonium cations as anion exchange membranes

“…With unsustainable development and environmental and climate issues brought about by burning fossil fuels, it is becoming more and more urgent to develop clean and efficient energy conversion and storage devices (such as fuel cells, flow batteries and lithium-ion batteries), which have become the focus of current research in new energy [1][2][3][4][5]. Among them, the fuel cells are a class of clean energy devices that directly convert the chemical energy stored in the fuel substance into electrical energy through the redox reaction without burning, which have the advantages of high energy conversion efficiency and low pollutant emission and have caused a lot of attention in the past few decades [6][7][8]. However, due to the high cost of commercial proton exchange membranes (PEMs), low electrode reactivity and heavy reliance on expensive rare Pt-based catalysts and high fuel purity requirements, large-scale application of PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs) has been greatly hindered [9].…”