Molecular Typing of<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>and Methicillin-Resistant<i>S. aureus</i>(MRSA) Isolated from Animals and Retail Meat in North Dakota, United States

Büyükcangaz, Esra; Velasco, Valeria; Sherwood, Julie S.; Stepan, Ryan M; Koslofsky, Ryan J; Logue, Catherine M.

doi:10.1089/fpd.2012.1427

Cited by 67 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…We considered that ST5 might be highly related with sed and sec. Our findings also illustrate different incidence of resistance for SE-producing S. aureus ST5 strains compared with strains of food sources in the literature for some drugs: ciprofloxacin (20% in our study vs. 2% in reported); and gentamicin (10% in our study vs. 1% in reported) (Buyukcangaz et al, 2013). Especially, four MRSA strains (20%) were observed in 20 S. aureus ST5 strains.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

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High Prevalence and Properties of Enterotoxin-ProducingStaphylococcus aureusST5 Strains of Food Sources in China

Chang

Gao

Zhu

et al. 2016

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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Staphylococcus aureus with the ability of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) production is one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne outbreaks worldwide. In our study, 336 S. aureus isolates were recovered from 3476 food samples during 2010-2014. A total of 86 S. aureus isolates were proved to be enterotoxin-producing strains with PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the 86 isolates, 20 STs were identified using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and 20 isolates were typed as sequence type 5 (ST5), which was the most prevalent ST using MLST. There were six SE profiles and high carrier rates of sec (50%) and sed (75%) genes in the 20 S. aureus ST5 isolates. Additionally, 8 antibiotic resistance patterns were observed, and 10 multidrug-resistant isolates (50%) and 4 methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates were identified. Our findings illustrate high prevalence of S. aureus ST5 isolates from food sources and diversity in SE profiles and antibiotic resistance patterns. These results indicate that great difference in the ability of obtaining SE production and antimicrobial resistance may exist between different genetic lineages of S. aureus strains.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Especially, four MRSA strains (20%) were observed in 20 S. aureus ST5 strains. Likewise, all of two MRSA isolates found in 133 S. aureus in a previous research are ST5 (Buyukcangaz et al, 2013). The high incidence of resistance for S. aureus ST5 strains is also reported on www.mlst.net.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

High Prevalence and Properties of Enterotoxin-ProducingStaphylococcus aureusST5 Strains of Food Sources in China

Chang

Gao

Zhu

et al. 2016

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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“…Similarly, strains of ST5 (belonging to CC5) commonly associated with human infections have been isolated from pork and pigs in the USA [91][92][93]. Unlike ST293, the prevalence of this CC frequently is higher than that of CC398.…”

Section: Other Lineagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Livestock-Associated MRSA and Its Current Evolution

Butaye

Argudín

Smith

2016

Curr Clin Micro Rpt

118

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Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is a relatively recent phenomenon in veterinary medicine. Although in the beginning it was restricted to a single clonal complex (CC), CC398, it has expanded into several clonal complexes, and the diversity of subtypes in the clonal complexes is increasing also. The prevalence of each type is determined somewhat geographically; for instance, the most prevalent clonal complex in Europe is CC398, whereas in Asia, it is CC9. Although few data exist regarding North America, the situation appears to be mixed there. The SCCmec cassettes detected in LA-MRSA are limited mainly to SCCmec IVa and SCCmec V, although non-typeable cassettes and SCCmec type XI, containing mecC, also have been found.The source of the SCCmec in LA-MRSA was discovered to be animals. In searching from which bacteria the SCCmec cassettes in LA-MRSA have been transferred, the most obvious species to consider are the methicillin-resistant non-S. aureus staphylococci (MRNaS). However, very few data are available from those species in animals, and the data that do exist are not detailed enough to determine the origin. Nevertheless, similar cassettes were found in MRNaS, indicating a possible origin that needs to be investigated further.

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“…The reservoir or transmission route of MUO CC398 still remains unknown: possible transmission routes are direct animalto-human transmission of animal sources not included as risk factors in the MRSA guideline (due to being unknown or having a limited effect on the population as a whole), indirect animal-tohuman transmission through the environment, e.g., by dust or air vehicle (6,7) or animal products such as meat (8), or human-tohuman transmission (9). Hospital outbreaks of CC398 have been described, illustrating the potential of human-to-human transmission by this clonal complex (10).…”

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confidence: 99%

What Is the Origin of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398 Isolates from Humans without Livestock Contact? An Epidemiological and Genetic Analysis

et al. 2015

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f Fifteen percent of all methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal complex 398 (CC398) human carriers detected in The Netherlands had not been in direct contact with pigs or veal calves. To ensure low MRSA prevalence, it is important to investigate the likely origin of this MRSA of unknown origin (MUO). Recently, it was shown that CC398 strains originating from humans and animals differ in the presence of specific mobile genetic elements (MGEs). We hypothesized that determining these specific MGEs in MUO isolates and comparing them with a set of CC398 isolates of various known origin might provide clues to their origin. MUO CC398 isolates were compared to MRSA CC398 isolates obtained from humans with known risk factors, a MRSA CC398 outbreak isolate, livestock associated (LA) MRSA CC398 isolates from pigs, horses, chickens, and veal calves, and five methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) CC398 isolates of known human origin. All strains were spa typed, and the presence or absence of, scn, chp, 3 int, 6 int, 7 int, rep7, rep27, and cadDX was determined by PCRs. The MRSA CC398 in humans, MUO, or MRSA of known origin (MKO) resembled MRSA CC398 as found in pigs and not MSSA CC398 as found in humans. The distinct human MSSA CC398 spa type, t571, was not present among our MRSA CC398 strains; MRSA CC398 was tetracycline resistant and carried no 3 bacteriophage with scn and chp. We showed by simple PCR means that human MUO CC398 carriers carried MRSA from livestock origin, suggestive of indirect transmission. Although the exact transmission route remains unknown, direct human-to-human transmission remains a possibility as well. In The Netherlands, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is low (1), and Dutch MRSA strains display broad clonal diversity (2). One exception is the livestockassociated (LA) clone (clonal complex 398 [CC398]), a major clonal reservoir in pigs and veal calves (3) and subsequently in people with occupational exposure to animals. The reported number of MRSA CC398 strains has been around 40% of MRSA strains reported to the Dutch MRSA surveillance since 2008 (2, 4). However, only 78% of reported CC398 strains are found through screening of patients with direct (occupational) contact to pigs or veal calves at hospital admission (a risk factor introduced in 2006) (5).The remaining MRSA CC398 carriers do not comply with the described risk factors in the Dutch MRSA guideline: industrial contact with live pigs, veal calves, or broiler chickens regardless of whether or not this contact was occupational and/or residence of the individual on such a farm. Currently 15% (352/2,312) of all Dutch and 15% (24/164) of all Danish MRSA CC398 carriers have not been in direct contact with pigs or veal calves (2, 4). In The Netherlands, these MRSA CC398 carriers are considered a MRSA of unknown origin (MUO) subgroup (MUO CC398), with MUO being any MRSA reported to the MRSA surveillance without known risk factors as defined in the Dutch MRSA guideline (4).The ...

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Molecular Typing ofStaphylococcus aureusand Methicillin-ResistantS. aureus(MRSA) Isolated from Animals and Retail Meat in North Dakota, United States

Cited by 67 publications

References 51 publications

High Prevalence and Properties of Enterotoxin-ProducingStaphylococcus aureusST5 Strains of Food Sources in China

High Prevalence and Properties of Enterotoxin-ProducingStaphylococcus aureusST5 Strains of Food Sources in China

Livestock-Associated MRSA and Its Current Evolution

What Is the Origin of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398 Isolates from Humans without Livestock Contact? An Epidemiological and Genetic Analysis

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