Molecular surveillance of traditional and emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease

Abstract

A molecular survey for traditional and emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) was conducted in Italy between 2011 and 2013 on a total of 138 dogs, including 78 early acute clinically ill CIRD animals, 22 non-clinical but exposed to clinically ill CIRD dogs and 38 CIRD convalescent dogs. The results showed that canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) was the most commonly detected CIRD pathogen, followed by canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma cynos, Mycoplasma canis and canine pneumovirus (CnPnV). Some classical CIRD agents, such as canine adenoviruses, canine distemper virus and canid herpesvirus 1, were not detected at all, as were not other emerging respiratory viruses (canine influenza virus, canine hepacivirus) and bacteria (Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus). Most severe forms of respiratory disease were observed in the presence of CPIV, CRCoV and M. cynos alone or in combination with other pathogens, whereas single CnPnV or M. canis infections were detected in dogs with no or very mild respiratory signs. Interestingly, only the association of M. cynos (alone or in combination with either CRCoV or M. canis) with severe clinical forms was statistically significant. The study, while confirming CPIV as the main responsible for CIRD occurrence, highlights the increasing role of recently discovered viruses, such as CRCoV and CnPnV, for which effective vaccines are not available in the market.

Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease

“…Different strains of this gram-negative coccobacilli likely vary in their host range and ability to cause disease, [18][19][20] and isolation of B bronchiseptica from apparently healthy dogs can occur. [21][22][23][24] Transmission of B bronchiseptica is via the airborne route, and it is highly contagious. Once inhaled, the organisms adhere to the respiratory cilia by way of adhesion molecules (fimbrial adhesions, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, and lipopolysaccharides).…”

European surveillance of emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease

“…Samples were sent to investigator centres across Europe, where they were appropriately stored, batched and shipped to the Royal Veterinary College for analysis. Duplicate samples were retained by collaborating investigator centres for their own research purposes and to date one study relating to a subset of these has been published (Decaro et al, 2016). The study was approved by the Royal Veterinary College's Ethical Review Board.…”

Detection and molecular characterization of canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) in dogs with respiratory tract symptoms in shelters in Turkey

“…The development of canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD), previously known as Kennel Cough, caused by viral agents such as CAV-2, parainfluenza virus, canine respiratory coronavirus, and canine herpes virus, as well as bacterial agents such as Bordotella spp., Mycoplasma spp., and Streptococcus spp. or often with the participation of a few of them (BUONAVOGLIA and MARTELLA, 2007;DECARO et al, 2016;LAVAN and KNESL, 2015).…”

“…Different clinical manifestations and different species have been reported in previous studies (DECARO et al, 2016;SILVA et al, 2014). In a study conducted by WHETSTONE (1988) in the United States of America (USA), monoclonal antibodies were used to distinguish the CAV types, where immunofluorescence and RFLP were applied comparatively.…”

“…In a study conducted by WHETSTONE (1988) in the United States of America (USA), monoclonal antibodies were used to distinguish the CAV types, where immunofluorescence and RFLP were applied comparatively. DECARO et al, (2016) questioned the presence of Bordetella bronchiseptica and some Mycoplasma species, as well as several viruses (canine respiratory coronavirus, canine parainfluenza, canine herpesvirus-1, etc. ), including CAV-2 because the highest positivity rate was found for canine parainfluenza in their study population of dogs with CIRD.…”