Molecular Microbial Biodiversity Assessment in the Mycorrhizosphere

2021

IJMS

Self Cite

119

Rhizospheric organisms have a unique manner of existence since many factors can influence the shape of the microbiome. As we all know, harnessing the interaction between soil microbes and plants is critical for sustainable agriculture and ecosystems. We can achieve sustainable agricultural practice by incorporating plant-microbiome interaction as a positive technology. The contribution of this interaction has piqued the interest of experts, who plan to do more research using beneficial microorganism in order to accomplish this vision. Plants engage in a wide range of interrelationship with soil microorganism, spanning the entire spectrum of ecological potential which can be mutualistic, commensal, neutral, exploitative, or competitive. Mutualistic microorganism found in plant-associated microbial communities assist their host in a number of ways. Many studies have demonstrated that the soil microbiome may provide significant advantages to the host plant. However, various soil conditions (pH, temperature, oxygen, physics-chemistry and moisture), soil environments (drought, submergence, metal toxicity and salinity), plant types/genotype, and agricultural practices may result in distinct microbial composition and characteristics, as well as its mechanism to promote plant development and defence against all these stressors. In this paper, we provide an in-depth overview of how the above factors are able to affect the soil microbial structure and communities and change above and below ground interactions. Future prospects will also be discussed.

Section: Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Abiotic Stress on Soil Microbiome

Rahman

Hamid

2021

IJMS

Self Cite

119

“…Apart from that, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are also commonly found to establish mutualistic symbiosis with plant roots. AMF infiltrates the root system and it exchanges secondary metabolites which acts as nutrients between the host and the AMF [ 52 , 53 ]. Plants recruit microbes in the rhizosphere by releasing different exudates such as amino acids, hormones, sugars and nutrients that are beneficial for certain microbes and in exchange microbes release chemical that is beneficial for the plant [ 52 ].…”

Section: Microbial Interactions and Chemical Signalling In Plantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, R. solanacearum produces ralsolamycin, a lipopeptide that can enhance chlamydospore formation and Mucoromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota fungus, including Fusarium fujikuroi produce the antimicrobial bikaverin [ 53 ]. Ralsolamycin, also known as ralstonin A, is made by a biosynthetic gene cluster called PKS-NRPS [hybrid non-ribosomal peptide synthetase/non-ribosomal peptide synthetase/(rmy)].…”

Section: Microbial Interactions and Chemical Signalling In Plantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbe Related Chemical Signalling and Its Application in Agriculture

Hamid

2022

IJMS

Self Cite

The agriculture sector has been put under tremendous strain by the world’s growing population. The use of fertilizers and pesticides in conventional farming has had a negative impact on the environment and human health. Sustainable agriculture attempts to maintain productivity, while protecting the environment and feeding the global population. The importance of soil-dwelling microbial populations in overcoming these issues cannot be overstated. Various processes such as rhizospheric competence, antibiosis, release of enzymes, and induction of systemic resistance in host plants are all used by microbes to influence plant-microbe interactions. These processes are largely founded on chemical signalling. Producing, releasing, detecting, and responding to chemicals are all part of chemical signalling. Different microbes released distinct sorts of chemical signal molecules which interacts with the environment and hosts. Microbial chemicals affect symbiosis, virulence, competence, conjugation, antibiotic production, motility, sporulation, and biofilm growth, to name a few. We present an in-depth overview of chemical signalling between bacteria-bacteria, bacteria-fungi, and plant-microbe and the diverse roles played by these compounds in plant microbe interactions. These compounds’ current and potential uses and significance in agriculture have been highlighted.

“…Like in the rhizobacteria, AMF remains separated in the plant by a membrane, which does not hamper the nutrient exchange between the host and fungus. AMF provides the phosphorus to the plant in exchange for carbon and lipids [ 95 ]. The carbon supply to the symbiont is feedback-regulated to limit excessive loss of nutrients from the host [ 96 ].…”

Section: The Two-phase Microbial Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the early 21st century, transcriptomic tools, such as the cDNA microarray and SuperSAGE, were used to profile gene expression and signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana–P. syringae and rice– Magnaporthe oryzae interactions [ 95 , 260 , 261 ]. As the sequencing platforms became more advanced, the RNAseq technology was developed, and the differential expression profiles of plant−pathogen interactions were elucidated.…”

Section: Unraveling Plant–microbe Interaction At the Molecular Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant–Microbe Interaction: Aboveground to Belowground, from the Good to the Bad

Rahman

2021

IJMS

Self Cite

Soil health and fertility issues are constantly addressed in the agricultural industry. Through the continuous and prolonged use of chemical heavy agricultural systems, most agricultural lands have been impacted, resulting in plateaued or reduced productivity. As such, to invigorate the agricultural industry, we would have to resort to alternative practices that will restore soil health and fertility. Therefore, in recent decades, studies have been directed towards taking a Magellan voyage of the soil rhizosphere region, to identify the diversity, density, and microbial population structure of the soil, and predict possible ways to restore soil health. Microbes that inhabit this region possess niche functions, such as the stimulation or promotion of plant growth, disease suppression, management of toxicity, and the cycling and utilization of nutrients. Therefore, studies should be conducted to identify microbes or groups of organisms that have assigned niche functions. Based on the above, this article reviews the aboveground and below-ground microbiomes, their roles in plant immunity, physiological functions, and challenges and tools available in studying these organisms. The information collected over the years may contribute toward future applications, and in designing sustainable agriculture.