Molecular Imaging and Theragnostics of Thyroid Cancers

Giovanella, Luca; Deandreis, Désirèe; Vrachims, Alexis; Campennì, Alfredo; Ovčariček, Petra Petranović

doi:10.3390/cancers14051272

Cited by 24 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 141 publications

(150 reference statements)

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“…Instead, the malignant risk of C-TIRADS 4A (10.62%) is too high to consider the inclusion of nodules belonging to this category in the "benign" subgroup. At the same time, the C-TIRADS 4A class does not qualify a nodule as likely malignant since the risk of malignancy in this category (5-10%) is similar to the one recorded in the general population (3)(4)(5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…They are detected in 19%-67% of the population (1,2). With a malignancy rate of less than 5%-10%, the purpose of evaluation for thyroid nodules is to identify malignant nodules (3)(4)(5). Ultrasound (US) has been widely applied in the initial evaluation of thyroid nodules and deemed an important standard to distinguish whether they are benign or malignant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnostic performance of C-TIRADS in malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Zhan

2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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BackgroundChinese thyroid imaging reports and data systems (C-TIRADS) is a novel malignancy risk stratification used for thyroid nodule diagnosis and guiding thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA). In this review, we aim to assess the performance of C-TIRADS in malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules.MethodsPubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang databases were searched until 1 April 2022. Original articles reporting data about C-TIRADS and setting FNA or histology as reference standards were included. C-TIRADS 4A, 4B, and 4C were set as thresholds, respectively, to obtain pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), negative likelihood ratio (LR-), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and the area under the curve (AUC). Integrated nested Laplace approximation was used for Bayesian bivariate meta-analysis of diagnostic tests.ResultsSixteen studies were included, evaluating 11,506 thyroid nodules. The rate of malignancy in each risk classification is comparable with that in C-TIRADS. C-TIRADS 4B appeared to have better diagnostic performance than C-TIRADS 4A and 4C. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, LR+, LR-, and DOR of C-TI-RADS 4B were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.89–0.97), 0.70 (95% CI: 0.60–0.79), 3.20 (95% CI: 2.28–4.39), 0.09 (95% CI: 0.05–0.15), and 33.71 (95% CI: 25.51–42.40), respectively. The area under the summary ROC curve was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.90-0.96).ConclusionC-TIRADS performed well in malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules. C-TIRADS 4B showed strong evidence of detecting malignancy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic performance of C-TIRADS in malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Zhan

2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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“…Disease progression according to RECIST and appearance of metastatic lesions are documented by using the appropriate imaging tools, depending on disease localization. Tumor volume doubling time has been proposed as a useful marker of structural disease progression, especially in patients under systemic treatment, while molecular imaging may be useful in providing information on organ function and cellular activity (2,30,31).…”

Section: Targeted Therapies For Metastatic Mtcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Medullary thyroid cancer: from molecular biology and therapeutic pitfalls to future targeted treatment perspectives

Saltiki

Simeakis

Karapanou

et al. 2022

European Journal of Endocrinology

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During the last decades knowledge on the molecular biology in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and specifically on the role of RET (rearranged during transfection) activating mutations in tumorigenesis has led to the evolution of novel targeted therapies, mainly tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Vandetanib and cabozantinib have been approved for the management of metastatic progressive MTC. Two novel highly selective RET inhibitors, selpercatinib and pralsetinib, have recently been approved for the treatment of RET mutant MTCs and RET-fusion differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). The administration of targeted therapies in MTC patients has changed the therapeutic strategies; however, in the majority of cases, there are no real data showing an improvement of prognosis by TKIs in MTC. Drug resistance remains the main reason for treatment failure. Thus, the understanding of the molecular landscape of tumorigenesis and the mechanisms underlying resistance to targeted therapies is of paramount importance for the further development of more efficient therapies for MTC. The present review focuses on the molecular pathways implicated in MTC tumorigenesis, the approved targeted therapies, the tumoral escape mechanisms as well as the future perspectives for targeted therapy.

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“…Molecular imaging plays an important role in the evaluation and management of different thyroid cancer types. Scintigraphy with radioactive iodine ( 125 I) and, albeit to a lesser degree, PET/CT with [ 18 F] F-fluorodeoxyglucose are frequently used [51]. Ablative doses of radioactive iodine ( 131 I) can also be used for treatment of thyroid cancers that actively incorporate iodine.…”

Section: Other Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyrotropin receptor antagonists and inverse agonists, and their potential application to thyroid diseases

Nagayama

Nishihara

2022

Endocr J

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The thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) plays critical roles in thyroid growth and function and in the pathogenesis of several thyroid diseases including Graves' hyperthyroidism and ophthalmopathy, non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer. Several low-molecular weight compounds (LMWCs) and anti-TSHR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with receptor antagonistic and inverse agonistic activities have been reported. The former binds to the pocket formed by the receptor transmembrane bundle, and the latter to the extracellular TSH binding site. Both are effective inhibitors of TSH/ thyroid stimulating antibody-stimulated cAMP and/or hyaluronic acid production in TSHR-expressing cells. Anti-insulin-like growth factor 1 inhibitors are also found to inhibit TSHR signaling. Each agent has advantages and disadvantages; for example, mAbs have a higher affinity and longer half-life but are more costly than LMWCs. At present, mAbs appear most promising, yet the development of more efficacious LMWCs is desirable. These agents are anticipated to be efficacious not only for the above-mentioned diseases but also for resistance to thyroid hormone and have utility for thyroid cancer radionuclide scintigraphy/therapy as a new theranostic.

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Molecular Imaging and Theragnostics of Thyroid Cancers

Cited by 24 publications

References 141 publications

Diagnostic performance of C-TIRADS in malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Diagnostic performance of C-TIRADS in malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis

MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Medullary thyroid cancer: from molecular biology and therapeutic pitfalls to future targeted treatment perspectives

Thyrotropin receptor antagonists and inverse agonists, and their potential application to thyroid diseases

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