“…Each bradyzoite contains several micronemes (secretory organelles) and amylopectin granules, clustered in anterior and posterior halves, respectively [ 13 , 14 ]. Recent studies revealed that 18S rRNA gene sequences of macroscopic sarcocysts had a sequence homology of 98–99% with those of previously published sequences of S. aucheniae from SACs [ 13 , 14 , 16 , 27 ].…”
Section: Structure Of Sarcocysts Found In Sacsmentioning
confidence: 70%
“…South American camelids serve as important intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis spp., with macroscopic sarcocysts (2–7 mm) appearing in various skeletal muscles of llamas and alpacas, thus rendering meat unfit for human consumption [ 1 , 13 , 14 ], and leading to economic losses [ 6 , 15 , 16 ]. Sarcocystis spp.…”
Members of the genus Sarcocystis (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) are intracellular protozoan parasites that infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, resulting in economic losses in production animals worldwide. Sarcocystis spp. have indirect life-cycles where canids and felids serve as main definitive hosts while a range of domestic and wild animals serve as intermediate hosts, including South American camelids (SACs) such as alpacas, llamas and guanacos. These animals primarily occur in South American countries on Andean, elevated plains but in recent years, alpacas and llamas have become emerging animal industries in other parts of the world such as Australia, Europe and the USA due to their high-quality fiber, meat and hides. For instance, alpaca meat is becoming popular in many parts of the world due to its lower cholesterol content than other red meat, thereby it has the potential of a valuable product for both local and international markets. However, SAC meat can be degraded and/or even condemned due to the presence of macroscopic sarcocysts in skeletal muscles, leading to significant economic losses to farmers. The infection is generally asymptomatic, though highly pathogenic or even fatal Sarcocystis infections have also been reported in alpacas and llamas. Despite the economic importance of sarcocystosis in SACs, little is known about the life-cycle of parasites involved, disease transmission, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, control and public health significance. This review article provides an in-depth analysis of the existing knowledge on the taxonomy, epidemiology, clinicopathology and diagnosis of Sarcocystis in SACs, highlights knowledge gaps and proposes future areas of research that could contribute to our better understanding of sarcocystosis in these animals.
“…Each bradyzoite contains several micronemes (secretory organelles) and amylopectin granules, clustered in anterior and posterior halves, respectively [ 13 , 14 ]. Recent studies revealed that 18S rRNA gene sequences of macroscopic sarcocysts had a sequence homology of 98–99% with those of previously published sequences of S. aucheniae from SACs [ 13 , 14 , 16 , 27 ].…”
Section: Structure Of Sarcocysts Found In Sacsmentioning
confidence: 70%
“…South American camelids serve as important intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis spp., with macroscopic sarcocysts (2–7 mm) appearing in various skeletal muscles of llamas and alpacas, thus rendering meat unfit for human consumption [ 1 , 13 , 14 ], and leading to economic losses [ 6 , 15 , 16 ]. Sarcocystis spp.…”
Members of the genus Sarcocystis (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) are intracellular protozoan parasites that infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, resulting in economic losses in production animals worldwide. Sarcocystis spp. have indirect life-cycles where canids and felids serve as main definitive hosts while a range of domestic and wild animals serve as intermediate hosts, including South American camelids (SACs) such as alpacas, llamas and guanacos. These animals primarily occur in South American countries on Andean, elevated plains but in recent years, alpacas and llamas have become emerging animal industries in other parts of the world such as Australia, Europe and the USA due to their high-quality fiber, meat and hides. For instance, alpaca meat is becoming popular in many parts of the world due to its lower cholesterol content than other red meat, thereby it has the potential of a valuable product for both local and international markets. However, SAC meat can be degraded and/or even condemned due to the presence of macroscopic sarcocysts in skeletal muscles, leading to significant economic losses to farmers. The infection is generally asymptomatic, though highly pathogenic or even fatal Sarcocystis infections have also been reported in alpacas and llamas. Despite the economic importance of sarcocystosis in SACs, little is known about the life-cycle of parasites involved, disease transmission, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, control and public health significance. This review article provides an in-depth analysis of the existing knowledge on the taxonomy, epidemiology, clinicopathology and diagnosis of Sarcocystis in SACs, highlights knowledge gaps and proposes future areas of research that could contribute to our better understanding of sarcocystosis in these animals.
“…Nuestros resultados comparados con otros estudios realizados en el país y en el extranjero muestran porcentajes similares no solo en alpacas (Guerrero et al, 1967) sino también en Llamas (Castro, 1974;Hurtado et al, 1985;Carletti et al, 2013) y Guanacos (Beldomenico et al 2003;Regensburguer et al, 2015). Igualmente, los resultados en perros pastores hallados en nuestro estudio son relativamente más bajos a los encontrados en perros pastores de alpacas en el Cusco, Perú que fue de 56,4 % (Choque et al, 2004), lo cual puede deberse a diferencias en la población y manejo de las alpacas, así como a diferencias geográficas.…”
Section: Discussionunclassified
“…El porcentaje, relativamente más bajo (74,0 %) hallados en alpacas de 2 años, se debe probablemente a que los quistes de Sarcocystis aff. aucheniae Brumpt, 1903(Carletti et al, 2013Martin et al, 2016;More et al, 2016) son de crecimiento lento y se hacen visibles entre 18 a 24 meses de edad (Leguía, 1991).…”
Se realizó un estudio a fi n de determinar la prevalencia de Sarcocystis sp. en alpacas y perros pastores de una empresaganadera de la sierra central del Perú. Se realizaron exámenes macro y microscópicos del músculo esquelético y cardiacode alpacas benefi ciadas en el camal de la empresa, a fi n de detectar los niveles de infección por micro o macroquistes,respectivamente. La edad de los animales fue determinada por la dentición. La búsqueda de quistes macroscópicos serealizó mediante el examen visual de los canales, en tanto que los quistes microscópicos se diagnosticaron mediante elMétodo del Trichinoscopio. El examen parasitológico de heces en perros pastores se efectuó en el 30 % de la población por el Método de Flotación con Solución Sobresaturada de Zinc a fin de detectar ooquistes y/o esporoquistes. Se encontróaltos niveles de infección por micro o / macroquistes de Sarcocystis (75 % al 100 %) en alpacas de 2, 3 y 4 años de edad,respectivamente y un 36% de perros pastores infectados con ooquistes y /o esporoquistes. Se discuten algunos factoresepidemiológicos que favorecen la difusión de este parásito.
“…La sarcocystiosis tiene un impacto negativo en la economía de los productores de alpacas, debido a que la presencia masiva de macroquistes en la musculatura conducen al decomiso de canales, limita la comercialización de la carne y sus proyecciones futuras como fuente de proteínas y mayores ingresos para el productor (Leguía et al, 1990;Leguía, 1991;Carletti et al, 2013;Céspedes et al, 2013.;Chávez et al, 2008;Lucas, 2012). Se ha estimado una pérdida anual de $ 300.000 dólares americanos, sólo por el decomiso de canales infectados (MINAG, 1973).…”
Se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo a fin de determinar la infectividad de los quistes de Sarcocystis sp. en alpacas en una ganadería de la sierra central del Perú. Mediante un diseño randomizado se seleccionaron 50 crías machos de alpacas, un mes después de la parición, los cuáles fueron sacrificados a razón de 3, en forma mensual, desde el nacimiento hasta el año de edad con la finalidad de detectar la presencia de micro o macroquistes en la musculatura esquelética y/o cardiaca. Grupos de perros, libres de parásitos, fueron infectados, mensualmente, con músculo cardiaco y esquelético de alpacas a fin de detectar la presencia de quistes o esporoquistes de Sarcocystis sp. en las heces. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que las crías de alpacas presentaron quistes microscópicos, tanto en la musculatura cardiaca como esquelética a partir de los 4 meses de edad. No se detectó quistes macroscópicos visibles en la musculatura esquelética y/o cardiaca en dichas crías hasta los 12 meses de edad. Los grupos de perros alimentados con músculo cardiaco y/ o esquelético infectados con microquistes de Sarcocystis sp. de alpacas, desde el nacimiento hasta el año de edad no lograron eliminar ooquistes o esporoquistes.
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