Molecular Identification of Leishmania spp. in Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) From Ecuador

Quiroga, Cristina; Cevallos, Varsovia; Morales, Diego; Baldeón, Manuel E.; Cárdenas, Paúl; Rojas-Silva, Patricio; Ponce, Patricio

doi:10.1093/jme/tjx122

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Silveira et al (11) Lainson et al (12) Present work Silva et al (14) Pereira Junior et al (13) Quiroga et al (15) Resadore et al (16) Th. velascoi Microscopically n.i.…”

Section: Trichophoromyia Species With Putative Vector Importancementioning

confidence: 90%

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Increasing putative vector importance of Trichophoromyia phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Santos

Sílveira

2020

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Despite some phlebotomines being well recognised as vectors of leishmaniasis agents, vector importance of those belonging to the genus Trichophoromyia has not been extensively studied. The present study provides evidence regarding the putative vector role played by some species of Trichophoromyia on leishmanine enzootics, based on literature reports and findings obtained from field experiments conducted in the ecotopes of Pará State, Brazil. The species Th. ubiquitalis, Th. velascoi, Th. auraensis, Th. ininii and Th. brachipyga possess minimal criteria to be included in the list of suspected leishmanine vectors. However, knowledge on man-biting behavior, substantiation of vector competence and determination of epidemiological implications are limited for all of the above mentioned species. Published studies together with present data draw attention to prioritize these phlebotomine species in entomological surveillance programs and studies on experimental susceptibility to Leishmania spp. infection.

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“…Silveira et al (11) Lainson et al (12) Present work Silva et al (14) Pereira Junior et al (13) Quiroga et al (15) Resadore et al (16) Th. velascoi Microscopically n.i.…”

Section: Trichophoromyia Species With Putative Vector Importancementioning

confidence: 90%

“…ubiquitalis DNA positive for L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (Viannia) sp. Quiroga et al (15) found L. (V.) lainsoni DNA in two peridomiciliary pooled samples of nine specimens of Th. ubiquitalis from Macas, Morona Santiago province, Ecuador, during the rainy season.…”

Section: Trichophoromyia Species With Putative Vector Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing putative vector importance of Trichophoromyia phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Santos

Sílveira

2020

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…Indeed, the costal region is typically divided in multiple ecotopes such as beaches, mangroves, coastal swamps and small patches of primary rainforests. It has been reported in Ecuador that peri-domiciliary ecotopes were characterized by higher diversity and number of infected sand flies than forest ecotopes [ 52 ] due to the high diversity of blood sources available on the coast (such as humans, chickens, cows, and dogs) [ 53 ]. It is therefore essential to determine if domesticated animals are reservoirs of CL in French Guiana, as the risk of infection would be higher in these coastal areas than in the forest of the hinterland.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmania naiffi and lainsoni in French Guiana: Clinical features and phylogenetic variability

Ducharme¹,

Simon²,

Ginouvès³

et al. 2020

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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In French Guiana, five species are associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). Though infections with Leishmania guyanensis, L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis have been extensively described, there are few available clinical and genetic data on L. (V.) lainsoni and L. (V.) naiffi. We determined the clinical and epidemiological features of all cases of CL due to L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) lainsoni diagnosed in French Guiana between 2003 and 2019. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by sequencing a portion of HSP70 and cyt b genes. Five cases of L. naiffi and 25 cases of L. lainsoni were reported. Patients infected by L. (V.) lainsoni were usually infected on gold camps, mostly along the Maroni river (60%), while L. naiffi was observed in French patients infected on the coast (100%). A high number of pediatric cases (n = 5; 20%) was observed for L. (V.) lainsoni. A mild clinical course was observed for all cases of L. (V.) naiffi. HSP70 and cyt b partial nucleotide sequence analysis revealed different geographical clusters within L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) lainsoni but no association were found between phylogenetic and clinical features. Our data suggest distinct socio-epidemiological features for these two Leishmania species. Patients seem to get infected with L. (V.) naiffi during leisure activities in anthropized coastal areas, while L. (V.) lainsoni shares common features with L. (V.) guyanensis and braziliensis and seems to be acquired during professional activities in primary forest regions. Phylogenetic analysis has provided information on the intraspecific genetic variability of L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) lainsoni and how these genotypes are distributed at the geographic level.

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“…Studies have used novel molecular techniques which allow estimation of the biting rate of vectors on various types of hosts, thereby making it possible to determine the host preferences of vectors that influence transmission of the parasite [25]. In CL hyper-endemic area of the coastal region of Ecuador, like Valle Hermoso (Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas province), birds have been found as the main blood meal source of sand flies via molecular technique [26,27]. However, the presence of alternative hosts (potentially birds) has also been shown as a critical risk factor of the CL in the region [28].…”

Section: Epidemiology and Ecology Of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis In Ecuadormentioning

confidence: 99%

Data scarcity and ecological complexity: the cutaneous leishmaniasis dynamics in Ecuador

Morales

Paredes

Morales-Butler

et al. 2019

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease transmitted by species of Phlebotominae sand flies. CL is responsible for more than 1000 reported cases per year in Ecuador. Vector collection studies in Ecuador suggest that there is a strong association between the ecological diversity of an ecosystem, the presence of potential alternative or reservoir hosts and the abundance of sand fly species. Data collected from a coastal community in Ecuador showed that Leishmania parasites may be circulating in diverse hosts, including mammalian and potentially avian species, and these hosts may serve as potential hosts for the parasite. There has been limited reporting of CL cases in Ecuador because the disease is non-fatal and its surveillance system is passive. Hence, the actual incidence of CL is unknown. In this study, an epidemic model was developed and analysed to understand the complexity of CL transmission dynamics with potential non-human hosts in the coastal ecosystem and to estimate critical epidemiological quantities for Ecuador. The model is fitted to the 2010 CL outbreak in the town of Valle Hermoso in the Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas province of Ecuador and parameters such as CL transmission rates in different types of hosts (primary and alternative), and levels of case reporting in the town are estimated. The results suggest that the current surveillance in this region fails to capture 38% (with 95% CI (29%, 47%)) of the actual number of cases under the assumption that alternative hosts are dead-end hosts and that the mean CL reproduction number in the town is 3.9. This means that on the average 3.9 new human CL cases were generated by a single infectious human in the town during the initial period of the 2010 outbreak. Moreover, major outbreaks of CL in Ecuador in coastal settings are unavoidable until reporting through the surveillance system is improved and alternative hosts are managed properly. The estimated infection transmission probabilities from alternative hosts to sand flies, and sand flies to alternative hosts are 27% and 32%, respectively. The analysis highlights that vector control and alternative host management are two effective programmes for Ecuador but need to be implemented concurrently to avoid future major outbreaks.

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Molecular Identification of Leishmania spp. in Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) From Ecuador

Cited by 18 publications

References 55 publications

Increasing putative vector importance of Trichophoromyia phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Increasing putative vector importance of Trichophoromyia phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Leishmania naiffi and lainsoni in French Guiana: Clinical features and phylogenetic variability

Data scarcity and ecological complexity: the cutaneous leishmaniasis dynamics in Ecuador

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