Molecular Genetics of Human Myopia: An Update

Young, Terri L.

doi:10.1097/opx.0b013e3181940655

Cited by 84 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…Two independent research groups, using genome-wide association studies, have identified 20 genetic loci that have been linked to myopia [7]. Environmental factors such as long periods of near work, type of optical correction, and limited outdoor time also affect myopia development [8][9][10][11]. One study reported that increasing time spent outdoors can delay the onset of myopia [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Axial Length in Orthokeratology Patients: Large Case Series

Lipson¹

2016

AOVS

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Purpose: To evaluate axial length measurements obtained over a three-year period in children undergoing Orthokeratology (Ortho-K).Methods: Patient records were identified from a specialty contact lens practice. Data were obtained from myopic patients who were prescribed Ortho-K wear. Demographic data at baseline included age at commencement of Ortho-K and ethnicity. Clinical data recorded at baseline and at years 1, 2 and 3 included subjective refraction, corneal topography, corneal curvature, axial length, pupil size, and lens design, changes in lens parameters, lens wear habits, wearing time and unaided visual acuity. The primary outcome measure was change in axial length during the study period.Results: 194 eyes of 97 subjects were included in data analysis. Mean age at start of Ortho-K was 10.4 years (SD=1.9). Mean axial length was 24.59 mm (SD=0.85) at baseline and 24.87 mm (SD=0.87) at the three year evaluation, for a mean change in axial length of 0.28 mm (SD=0.64). 65.5% of eyes (n=127) showed little or no change (<0.5 mm) in axial length during the study period. 20.1% of eyes (n=39) showed moderate increase in axial length of 0.5-1.0 mm and14.4% of eyes (n=28) showed >1.0 mm increase in axial length during the 3-year study period. Linear mixed regression analysis showed a significant association between older age at initiation of Ortho-K and less increase in axial length (p=0.0077). Axial length changes were not associated with duration of wear (both hours/night and nights/week) or baseline corneal curvature. Conclusion:Use of Ortho-K may help reduce axial length elongation in myopic eyes. Age of the initial treatment is a key factor. The baseline of cornea curvature and duration of the wear are not directly associated with treatment outcome. Of note, during the three-year study, 65.5% of treated eyes (n=127) showed a minimal or clinically insignificant increase of axial length (<0.5mm). Early treatment should be considered.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Axial Length in Orthokeratology Patients: Large Case Series

Lipson¹

2016

AOVS

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“…Myopia is a complex disease resulting from the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors [1][2][3]. The incidence of myopia increased dramatically over the last decades; moreover the prevalence of HM (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genetic studies associated growth factors such as Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-beta), Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) or Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) with myopia and HM. The increasing prevalence of the disease is thought however to be driven by environmental factors such as light levels, life style or diet [3,4]. Light levels are inversely associated with myopia progression and this is mainly associated with the release of retinal dopamine, a potent regulator of eye growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LRP2 A Myopic Hotspot between Environment and Genetics

Kozyraki¹

2017

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Myopia is typically due to the excessive growth of the eye resulting in blurred vision of distant objects. High myopia (HM) and its associated pathologies, i.e glaucoma, retinal detachments or myopic retinopathy are important causes of vision loss especially in young adults and their incidence is constantly on the rise. The mechanisms that regulate myopic eye growth are poorly understood but inherited, environmental and behavioral factors may contribute to the development of HM. HM is a cardinal feature of the Donnai-Barrow syndrome (DBS), a rare autosomal recessive condition combining facial dysmorphology, sensorineural hearing loss and proteinuria. DBS is caused by mutations in LRP2 encoding the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2), a large endocytic receptor strongly expressed in the ocular epithelia and involved in the handling of various molecules including retinal, transthyretin, leptin or vitamin D. The ocular manifestations of DBS patients or mice lacking LRP2 specifically in the eye include excessively enlarged globes, increased axial length, retinal degeneration and detachments and normal intraocular pressure. Impaired formation of the endocytic apparatus is a common feature in the renal epithelia of DBS patients and the retinal pigment epithelium of the LRP2-deficient eyes suggesting that impaired transport or clearance of LRP2 ligands in the ocular tissues may be involved in myopia induction and progression. In this review we summarize current knowledge on myopia development and propose that modulating endocytosis of LRP2 and its ligands in the ocular tissues may be considered to prevent or control HM and its associated complications.

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“…In a large number of studies, children with myopic parents are more likely to have myopia than those without myopic parents (Guggenheim, Kirov, & Hodson, 2000;Mutti et al, 2002;Mutti & Zadnik, 1995;Saw, Nieto, et al, 2001; M. M. Wu & Edwards, 1999;Young, 2009). The relationship between parents and children might reflect the shared environments as well as the shared genes with respect to refractive error.…”

Section: Risk Factors Related To the Refractive Errormentioning

confidence: 99%

The Determinants of Early Refractive Error on School-Going Chinese Children

et al. 2016

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Refractive error is a common social issue in every walks of human life, and its prevalence recorded the highest among Chinese population, particularly among people living in southern China, Hong Kong, Thailand, Singapore, and Malaysia. Refractive error is the simplest disorder to treat and supposed to cost the effective health care intervention. The present study included 168 Chinese school-going children aged 10 to 12 years; they were selected from different schools of urban Malaysia. It was surprising to see that 112 (66.7%) children had the early onset of refractive error; refractive error was also detected late among the primary school or secondary school students. The findings revealed that the determinants of refractive error among Chinese children were personal achievements and machine dependence. The possible reasons for the above significant factors emerged could be attributed to the inbuilt culture and traditions of Chinese parents who insist that their children should be hardworking and focus on school subjects so that their parents allow them to use luxury electronic devices.

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Molecular Genetics of Human Myopia: An Update

Cited by 84 publications

References 122 publications

Axial Length in Orthokeratology Patients: Large Case Series

Axial Length in Orthokeratology Patients: Large Case Series

LRP2 A Myopic Hotspot between Environment and Genetics

The Determinants of Early Refractive Error on School-Going Chinese Children

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