Molecular epidemiology survey and characterization of human influenza A viruses circulating among Palestinians in East Jerusalem and the West Bank in 2015

Abstract

Frequent typing and molecular characterization of influenza A (IAV) strains are crucial for the identification of circulating subtypes and for the selection of the subtypes’ lineages to be included in the annually prepared vaccine cocktail. We investigated IAV sampled from an underrepresented population from Palestine. 200 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were collected between February and May of 2015 from Palestinians in East Jerusalem and the West Bank suffering from mild to severe symptoms of upper respiratory infections. NPA were screened for the presence of IAV using RT-PCR. Epidemiological data, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene sequences were analyzed in IAV positive samples. 50 samples tested positive for IAV; 48% of which were identified as A(H1N1)pdm09 and 52% as A(H3N2), respectively. Infection with A(H1N1)pdm09 occurred mainly in April, while A(H3N2) infections were mainly detected in March. Most IAV infections in 6-year-olds and below were attributed to subtype A(H3N2), while A(H1N1)pdm09 was responsible for most infections in adults above 18-year-olds. Analyses of HA and NA amino acid sequences revealed numerous substitutions. Thereafter, and based on the HA analysis, the Palestinian A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates fell into clade 6B, while the A(H3N2) isolates fell into clades 3C.2 and 3C.3, respectively. This study is significant in providing the first insight into the epidemiology and genetic properties of IAV circulating in Palestine. In contrast to international reports for the same season, A(H3N2) was not the dominant subtype as in northern hemisphere, nor was A(H1N1)pdm09 as in WHO reports for the Middle East, however genetic properties of Palestinian A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 were in line with global isolates.

In silico analysis and molecular characterization of Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus circulating and causing major outbreaks in central India, 2009-2019

“…Recent study conducted in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) reported evolution of seven genogroups ( 33 ). In our study, after 2015, maximum HA gene sequences clustered in 6B genogroup which is similar to the reports published by WHO and other studies ( 33 – 37 ). Due to antigenic variations, 6B genogroup variants are reported to associate with increased morbidity compared to other genogroup variants ( 4 , 35 ).…”

Incidence and seroprevalence of seasonal influenza a viruses in Egypt: Results of a community‐based cohort study

“…7 A short-period study from February to May 2015 conducted in East Jerusalem and the West Bank revealed that out of 200 patients suffering from upper respiratory infections, 50 were positive for influenza A virus, 48% of which were of A(H1N1)pdm09 subtype and 52% of H3N2 subtype. 8 In 2006, the Egyptian public health authorities established hospital-based influenza surveillance with a network of 13 sentinel sites throughout the country. Data from patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) hospitalized in three hospitals from January to December 2013 showed that 19% tested positive for influenza virus, 71% of which were seasonal influenza type A virus.…”

“…Another study from Iran showed that 14% of ILI cases referred to healthcare centers from 2010 to 2015 were positive for influenza out of which 71% were type A virus 7 . A short‐period study from February to May 2015 conducted in East Jerusalem and the West Bank revealed that out of 200 patients suffering from upper respiratory infections, 50 were positive for influenza A virus, 48% of which were of A(H1N1)pdm09 subtype and 52% of H3N2 subtype 8 …”

“… 7 A short‐period study from February to May 2015 conducted in East Jerusalem and the West Bank revealed that out of 200 patients suffering from upper respiratory infections, 50 were positive for influenza A virus, 48% of which were of A(H1N1)pdm09 subtype and 52% of H3N2 subtype. 8 …”