Molecular Epidemiology of the Pertussis Epidemic in Washington State in 2012

Bowden, Katherine E.; Williams, Margaret M.; Cassiday, Pamela K.; Milton, Andrea; Pawloski, Lucia; Harrison, M. J.; Martin, Stacey W.; Meyer, Sarah; Qin, Xuan; DeBolt, Chas; Tasslimi, Azadeh; Syed, Nusrat; Sorrell, Ronald; Tran, Mike; Hiatt, Brian; Tondella, M. Lucia

doi:10.1128/jcm.01189-14

Cited by 62 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Cluster I (ptxP3) strains have become the predominant strains in developed countries where ACV is used [12,[22][23][24][25][26][27]. The increase in pertussis may be related to the introduction of ACV as it may afford poorer overall protection against B. pertussis infection as compared to WCV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Better colonisation of newly emerged Bordetella pertussis in the co-infection mouse model study

Safarchi

Octavia

Luu

et al. 2016

Vaccine

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Better colonisation of newly emerged Bordetella pertussis in the co-infection mouse model study

Safarchi

Octavia

Luu

et al. 2016

Vaccine

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“…The outbreak, which occurred in a geographically restricted area over a short time span, consisted of multiple circulating strains, consistent with findings in other pertussis outbreaks. 24 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pertussis Outbreak, Southeastern Minnesota, 2012

Theofiles

Cunningham

Chia

et al. 2014

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

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Objective To describe clinical and laboratory findings from the 2012 southeastern Minnesota pertussis outbreak. Patients and Methods Patients were selected for 2 parts of the study. In the first part, nasopharyngeal swabs from a convenience sample of 265 unique patients were used for both the clinician-requested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and culture. B pertussis isolates were tested for macrolide susceptibility and typed using whole genome sequencing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Pertactin gene sequences were analyzed to identify pertactin-deficient B pertussis. In the second part, all patients seen at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, who had PCR results positive for Bordetella pertussis or Bordetella parapertussis between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2012, were analyzed for patient demographic features and vaccination records. Results One hundred sixty patients had results positive for B pertussis, and 21 patients had results positive for B parapertussis. Among the 265 swabs cultured, B pertussis was detected by both culture and PCR in 11. One swab was positive for B pertussis by culture alone, and 13 were positive by PCR alone. Polymerase chain reaction detected B pertussis more frequently than did culture (P=.001). No macrolide resistance was detected. All 12 isolates tested had an altered pertactin gene, including 9 with a signal sequence deletion, 2 with insertion sequence disruptions, and 1 with a premature stop codon. Nine and 3 isolates were pertactin types prn1 and prn2, respectively. Whole genome sequencing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis detected the presence of multiple B pertussis strains. The mean age of patients with pertussis was younger than that of those without pertussis (15.6 and 25.5 years, respectively; P=.002). Compared with those whose test results were negative for B pertussis, fewer patients with positive results had received whole-cell pertussis vaccine (P=.02). In the subgroup who had received acellular vaccine exclusively, the time since the most recent pertussis vaccination in those with results positive for B pertussis was longer than that in those with negative results (1363 vs 1010 days; P=.004). Conclusion The 2012 pertussis outbreak in southeastern Minnesota included multiple strains of B pertussis, all putatively lacking pertactin. Our findings may indicate decreased efficacy of (and waning immunity from) acellular vaccines as contributors to the outbreak.

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“…The introduction of vaccines against pertussis during the 1940s dramatically reduced the disease incidence in the United States. However, despite high or increasing coverage with pertussis-containing vaccines, the number of reported pertussis cases in the United States and many other developed countries has increased over the last decade, with notable recent epidemics (1)(2)(3). Multiple factors likely contribute to increased disease reporting, including heightened awareness, expanded surveillance, improved laboratory diagnostic testing, and allelic mismatch between circulating and vaccine reference strains (2,4,5).…”

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confidence: 99%

The History of Bordetella pertussis Genome Evolution Includes Structural Rearrangement

et al. 2017

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Despite high pertussis vaccine coverage, reported cases of whooping cough (pertussis) have increased over the last decade in the United States and other developed countries. Although Bordetella pertussis is well known for its limited gene sequence variation, recent advances in long-read sequencing technology have begun to reveal genomic structural heterogeneity among otherwise indistinguishable isolates, even within geographically or temporally defined epidemics. We have compared rearrangements among complete genome assemblies from 257 B. pertussis isolates to examine the potential evolution of the chromosomal structure in a pathogen with minimal gene nucleotide sequence diversity. Discrete changes in gene order were identified that differentiated genomes from vaccine reference strains and clinical isolates of various genotypes, frequently along phylogenetic boundaries defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms. The observed rearrangements were primarily large inversions centered on the replication origin or terminus and flanked by IS481, a mobile genetic element with Ͼ240 copies per genome and previously suspected to mediate rearrangements and deletions by homologous recombination. These data illustrate that structural genome evolution in B. pertussis is not limited to reduction but also includes rearrangement. Therefore, although genomes of clinical isolates are structurally diverse, specific changes in gene order are conserved, perhaps due to positive selection, providing novel information for investigating disease resurgence and molecular epidemiology.IMPORTANCE Whooping cough, primarily caused by Bordetella pertussis, has resurged in the United States even though the coverage with pertussis-containing vaccines remains high. The rise in reported cases has included increased disease rates among all vaccinated age groups, provoking questions about the pathogen's evolution. The chromosome of B. pertussis includes a large number of repetitive mobile genetic elements that obstruct genome analysis. However, these mobile elements facilitate large rearrangements that alter the order and orientation of essential protein-encoding genes, which otherwise exhibit little nucleotide sequence diversity. By comparing the complete genome assemblies from 257 isolates, we show that specific rearrangements have been conserved throughout recent evolutionary history, perhaps by eliciting changes in gene expression, which may also provide useful information for molecular epidemiology.

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Molecular Epidemiology of the Pertussis Epidemic in Washington State in 2012

Cited by 62 publications

References 35 publications

Better colonisation of newly emerged Bordetella pertussis in the co-infection mouse model study

Better colonisation of newly emerged Bordetella pertussis in the co-infection mouse model study

Pertussis Outbreak, Southeastern Minnesota, 2012

The History of Bordetella pertussis Genome Evolution Includes Structural Rearrangement

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