Molecular Epidemiology and Genotyping ofMycobacterium tuberculosisIsolated in Baghdad

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in Iraq but the strains responsible for the epidemic have been poorly characterized. Our aim was to characterize the TB strains circulating in Bagdad (Iraq). A total of 270 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains isolated between 2010 and 2011 from TB patients attending the Center of Chest and Respiratory diseases in Baghdad were analyzed by Spoligotyping. The analysis indicated that 94.1% of the isolates belong to known genotype clades: CAS 39.6%, ill-defined T clade 29.6%, Manu 7.4%, Haarlem 7%, Ural 4.1%, LAM 3.3%, X 0.7%, LAM7-TUR 0.7%, EAI 0.7%, S 0.7%, and unknown 5.9%. Comparison with the international multimarker database SITVIT2 showed that SIT 309 (CAS1-Delhi) and SIT1144 (T1) were the most common types. In addition, 44 strains were included in SITVIT2 database under 16 new Spoligotype International Types (SITs); of these, 6 SITs (SIT3346, SIT3497, SIT3708, SIT3790, SIT3791, and SIT3800) (n = 32 strains) were created within the present study and 10 were created after a match with an orphan in the database. By using 24-loci MIRU-VNTR-typing on a subset of 110 samples we found a high recent transmission index (RTI) of 33.6%. In conclusion, we present the first unifying framework for both epidemiology and evolutionary analysis of M. tuberculosis in Iraq.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lineage 7 Strains Are Associated with Prolonged Patient Delay in Seeking Treatment for Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Amhara Region, Ethiopia

“…Accordingly, all lineage 7 strains identified here (n ϭ 36) have deletions from the 4th to 24th spacers and have a high degree of sequence similarity to the genomes of previously reported lineage 7 strains (9). The presence of two or more repeats at the 24th MIRU-VNTR locus is also considered highly discriminatory for modern and ancient M. tuberculosis lineages, as reported in genotyping studies from Bagdad (20), Singapore (21), and Bangladesh (22). All 36 strains in the present study have two alleles at the 24th MIRU-VNTR locus.…”

“…Criteria for identifying lineage 7 strains were previously established (9,(20)(21)(22) and were adhered to in the present study. Accordingly, all lineage 7 strains identified here (n ϭ 36) have deletions from the 4th to 24th spacers and have a high degree of sequence similarity to the genomes of previously reported lineage 7 strains (9).…”

Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Risk Factors Contributing Pulmonary Tuberculosis Infection and Recent Transmission

“…transmission rate [20] Low index found in the present and previous studies of Bangladesh indicates that the drug resistance TB is occurring in our area is by reactivation or acquisition rather than transmission.…”

Genetic diversity of multidrug‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from tuberculosis patients in Iran using MIRU‐VNTR technique

“…In Fig. 3 the rate of MDR and prevalent MIRU‐VNTR types in so far Iranian studies [6,25,28,30], and some neighboring countries [34–36], are presented. As mentioned earlier, the existence of extended borders with countries where TB is endemic and immigrations of these populations influenced TB distribution in the region and threatens the control strategies.…”