Molecular Engineering Approaches to Fabricate Artificial Solid‐Electrolyte Interphases on Anodes for Li‐Ion Batteries: A Critical Review

Abstract

in further markets, such as electromobility and large-scale grid storage. Although LIBs offer high energy density and have reached a high level of maturity, there are still many technological challenges to meet established user habits and increasing demands. [1] Among the remaining challenges of LIBs, one of the most crucial issues is the electrochemical instability of anodes toward electrolytes. When using anode materials with favorably low electrode potentials close to Li/Li + , common liquid electrolytes are decomposed. Ideally, this leads to the formation of a stable so-called solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), preventing further electrolyte decomposition and leading to stable cycling performance. Furthermore, the SEI has decisive influence on the charge/discharge kinetics of the battery, as this is where the Li-ions overcome the interface between the electrolyte and the electrode. Accordingly, the SEI is a key component that determines the performance of LIBs. The "natural SEI" that forms at the anode/electrolyte interface during initial cycling represents a thin layer made of salts, oxides, polymers. [2] The conceptual model of SEI was introduced by Peled in 1979 [3] and further developed by other groups. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] According to this model, natural SEIs possess only ionic conductivity, while serving as a barrier to electron transfer. In this regard, the thickness and conformity of SEI An intrinsic challenge of Li-ion batteries is the instability of electrolytes against anode materials. For anodes with a favorably low operating potential, a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed during initial cycles provides stability, traded off for capacity consumption. The SEI is mainly determined by the anode material, electrolyte composition, and formation conditions. Its properties are typically adjusted by changing the liquid electrolyte's composition. Artificial SEIs (Art-SEIs) offer much more freedom to address and tune specific properties, such as chemical composition, impedance, thickness, and elasticity. Art-SEIs for intercalation, alloying, conversion and Li metal anodes have to fulfil varying requirements. In all cases, sufficient transport properties for Li-ions and (electro-)chemical stability must be guaranteed. Several approaches for Art-SEIs preparation have been reported: from simple casting and coating techniques to elaborated Phys-Chem modifications and deposition processes. This review critically reports on the promising approaches for Art-SEIs formation on different type of anode materials, focusing on methodological aspects. The specific requirements for each approach and material class, as well as the most effective strategies for Art-SEI coating, are discussed and a roadmap for further developments towards next-generation stable anodes are provided.

Electrochemical reaction behavior of MnS in aqueous zinc ion battery

“…, cellphones, laptops, and digital cameras) and profoundly revolutionized modern lives since their commercialization in 1991. 1,2 However, the application of lithium-ion batteries in large-scale energy storage devices is challenged by some intractable problems such as expensive battery components, limited reserves of lithium, and the toxicity and flammability of organic electrolytes. 3,4 The rechargeable aqueous metal ion batteries, which are assembled with aqueous solution electrolyte and earth abundant metal anode ( e.g.…”

“…The rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have gradually become dominant power sources for portable devices (e.g., cellphones, laptops, and digital cameras) and profoundly revolutionized modern lives since their commercialization in 1991. 1,2 However, the application of lithium-ion batteries in large-scale energy storage devices is challenged by some intractable problems such as expensive battery components, limited reserves of lithium, and the toxicity and flammability of organic electrolytes. 3,4 The rechargeable aqueous metal ion batteries, which are assembled with aqueous solution electrolyte and earth abundant metal anode (e.g., Zn, Mg, and Al), are being revived due to their advantages of simple and convenient assembly, admirable security, and decent ionic conductivity.…”

Recent progress in quantum dots based nanocomposite electrodes for rechargeable monovalent metal-ion and lithium metal batteries

“…The major barrier behind the practical implementation of lithium metal as an anode is the inhomogeneous deposition of Li + ions, causing infinite volume change and dendritic Li formation, and the irreversible side reaction of the highly reactive lithium metal with the electrolyte causing both poor coulombic efficiency and limited cycle life. 257,258 Therefore, protecting the Li-metal anode from deterioration and/or alleviation of the dendrite growth during cell operation is the key to achieve long cycling performance and safe cell operation. 259…”

Lithium-Ion Battery Operation, Degradation, and Aging Mechanism in Electric Vehicles: An Overview

“…The process of SEI film formation is complex and mainly happens during the first several charging and driving process. In those processes, firstly, the Li + from the cathode and the organic compounds from the electrolyte reacts with the graphite anode producing an SEI film with a thickness usually estimated between a few angstroms up to tens of nanometers [89]. The formation of SEI film consumes Li + , resulting in the loss of the lithium inventory, and, subsequently, capacity fade.…”