Molecular Effects of Povidone-Iodine on Relevant Microorganisms: An Electron-Microscopic and Biochemical Study

Abstract

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of povidone-iodine (PVP-I) on cell ultrastructure by electron microscopy and to monitor changes in enzyme activity and nucleotide efflux. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, medically relevant gram-positive, gram-negative and yeast microorganisms, served as models. In the presence of PVP-I, rapid partitioning of the cytoplasm and pronounced coagulation of nuclear material was noted. E. coli and S. aureus showed no major structural wall damage. C. albicans exhibited a rapid, dose-dependent ‘loosening’ of the cell wall; cells remained intact without lysis, rupture or wall breakage. Changes in β-galactosidase and nucleotide concentrations were measured in E. coli. A rapid and dose-dependent loss of cellular β-galactosidase activity was found, with no increase in the supernatant; loss of cellular nucleotides corresponded with an increase in the supernatant. Electron-microscopic and biochemical observations support the conclusion that PVP-I interacts with cell walls of microorganisms causing pore formation or generating solid-liquid interfaces at the lipid membrane level which lead to loss of cytosol material, in addition to enzyme denaturation.

Daya antibakteri obat kumur chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, fluoride suplementasi zinc terhadap, Streptococcus mutans dan Porphyromonas gingivalis (Antibacterial effect of mouth washes containing chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, fluoride plus zinc on Strep

“…Senyawa iodine memiliki sifat yang sitotoksik sehingga mampu membunuh sel bakteri. 7 Povidone iodine dapat merubah struktur dan fungsi dari protein dan enzim sel dan merusak fungsi sel bakteri dengan jalan menghambat perlekatan hidrogen dan merubah struktur membran sel, 8 selain itu juga menghambat terjadinya sintesis protein oleh bakteri melalui proses oksidasi thiol di dalam asam amino sistein. 9 Salah satu keuntungan povidone iodine adalah mampu menghambat sintesis glucosyltransferase (GTF) dan fructosyltransferase (FTF) oleh S.mutans.…”

Iodine release and antibacterial effects of a wound paste combined with PVP-iodine powder and/or solution in vitro

“…Those studies, however, used a planktonic antibacterial assay in vitro. Schreier and co-workers found that even lower PVPiodine concentrations resulted in an efficacy maximum against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Escherichia coli under laboratory conditions [14]. Yet, bacteria imbedded in the biofilm with its protective and adhesive extracellular matrix are much less susceptible to antiseptics [21,22].…”

“…As an antibacterial agent, chlorhexidine has been widely used, but the clinical efficiency is questionable as an adjunct to scaling and root planning in the available formulations [13]. PVP-iodine could be a candidate as it represents an antiseptic with a broad antibacterial spectrum covering Grampositive and -negative bacteria and mycobacteria, [14] Staphylococcus spp., Candida albicans [15] and periopathogenic germs. [16,17].…”

Negative pressure wound therapy with instillation (NPWTi): Current status, recommendations and perspectives in the context of modern wound therapy.

“…However, solution with 1:10,000 dilution still presents bactericidal activity. 64,65 Potential disadvantages of povidone-iodine solution are tendency for an irritation to the applied site, cytotoxicity and staining of the tissues. Although in some in-vivo and animal studies the cytotoxicity was observed, these results were not confirmed in humans.…”