Molecular diagnosis in allergy

Abstract

Development and progress made in the field of recombinant allergens have allowed for the development of a new concept in allergy diagnosis, molecular diagnosis (MD), which makes it possible to identify potential disease-eliciting molecules. Microarray-based testing performed with a small amount of serum sample enables clinicians to determine specific-IgE antibodies against multiple recombinants or purified natural allergen components. Performance characteristics of allergens so far tested are comparable with current diagnostic tests, but have to be confirmed in larger studies. The use of allergen components and the successful interpretation of test results in the clinic require some degree of knowledge about the basis of allergen components and their clinical implications. Allergen components can be classified by protein families based on their function and structure. This review provides a brief overview of basic information on allergen components, recombinants or purified, currently available or soon to become commercially available in ImmunoCAP or ISAC systems, including names, protein family and function. Special consideration is given to primary or species-specific sensitization and possible cross-reactivity, because one of the most important clinical utility of MD is its ability to reveal whether the sensitization is genuine in nature (primary, species-specific) or if it is due to cross-reactivity to proteins with similar protein structures, which may help to evaluate the risk of reaction on exposure to different allergen sources. MD can be a support tool for choosing the right treatment for the right patient with the right timing. Such information will eventually give clinicians the possibility to individualize the actions taken, including an advice on targeted allergen exposure reduction, selection of suitable allergens for specific immunotherapy, or the need to perform food challenges. Nevertheless, all in vitro tests should be evaluated together with the clinical history, because allergen sensitization does not necessarily imply clinical responsiveness.

Phleum pratense molecular pattern across Italy

“…Traditionally, natural allergen extracts from allergenic sources are used, but they are usually heterogeneous, because they may include not only the major allergens, but also cross-reactive allergens, non-allergenic antigens, and interfering substances (1). Thus, molecular-based allergy diagnostics, which allows the evaluation of IgE binding to single allergen components, have been recently introduced in the clinical practice, allowing to define and characterize exactly the sensitization profile (2). Thus, the allergy workup is changing, inasmuch it is highly useful in allergen-specific immunother-to 2013, considering 4 different geographical areas: Northern, Central, Southern Italy, and Liguria as previously defined (15).…”

New Challenges for Old Diseases: The Impact of -Omics Technologies in the Understanding of Allergic Diseases

“…Performance characteristics for allergens so far tested are comparable with the diagnostic tests currently used (Janh-Smith et al, 2003, Wohrl et al, 2006, Ott et al, 2008, Ebo et al, 2010. One of the most important utility of molecular diagnosis in allergy is its ability to reveal the allergens to which patients are sensitized, including primary or species-specific allergens and markers of cross-reactivity to proteins with similar protein structures may help to evaluate the risk of reaction on exposure to different allergen sources (Sastre, 2010). Using microarray-based testing makes it possible to determine the IgE reactivity profile of a patient and assess their clinical pattern.…”

Key Issues in Hymenoptera Venom Allergy: An Update

“…Marked cross-reactivity caused by antigen 5 is found between the venoms of Vespula, Dolichovespula, and Vespa [95,97]. However, hyaluronidase is probably the main antigen in VO venom, and there are cases of patients monosensitized to VC or VO venom [98].…”