Molecular Detection of Equine Herpesvirus Types 1 and 4 Infection in Healthy Horses in Isfahan Central and Shahrekord Southwest Regions, Iran

Hafshejani, Taghi Taktaz; Nekoei, Shahin; Vazirian, Behnam; Doosti, Abbas; Khamesipour, Faham; Anyanwu, Madubuike Umunna

doi:10.1155/2015/917854

Cited by 16 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…While adult horses remain susceptible to infectious respiratory pathogens, the clinical expression of disease is often milder or remains subclinical especially in previously vaccinated horses. 13 This observation further highlights the diagnostic challenge equine practitioners face when presented with a horse displaying fever and other unspecific signs. The present study results showed that 7.2 per cent of horses with acute onset of fever tested qPCR-positive for ECoV in faeces, while only 1.4 per cent of them had detectable ECoV in nasal secretions by qPCR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Frequency of molecular detection of equine coronavirus in faeces and nasal secretions in 277 horses with acute onset of fever

et al. 2019

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ContextDue to the inconsistent development of enteric signs associated with ECoV infection in adult horses, many practitioners collect nasal secretions rather than feces for the molecular diagnostic work-up of such horses.Main conclusionECoV infection should be considered in horses presenting with acute onset of fever, especially when nasal discharge is absent as one of the cardinal clinical sign.ApproachA total of 277 adult horses with acute onset of fever were enrolled in this study. Feces were tested for ECoV and nasal secretions for common respiratory pathogens (equine herpesvirus (EHV)-1, EHV-4, equine influenza virus (EIV), equine rhinitis viruses (ERVs) and Streptococcus equi ss. equi) and ECoV by qPCR. Each submission was accompanied by a questionnaire requesting information pertaining to signalment, use, recent transportation, number of affected horses on the premise and presence of clinical signs at the time of sample collection.ResultsThe total number of horses testing qPCR-positive for ECoV in feces was 20 (7.2%), 4 of which also tested qPCR-positive for ECoV in nasal secretions. In the same population 9.0% of horses tested qPCR-positive for EHV-4, 6.1% for EIV, 4.3% for Streptococcus equi ss. equi, 3.2% for ERVs and 0.7% for EHV-1. Draft horses, pleasure use, multiple horses affected on a premise and lack of nasal discharge were significantly associated with ECoV qPCR-positive horses.InterpretationThe present study results showed that 7.2% of horses with acute onset of fever tested qPCR-positive for ECoV in feces, highlighting the importance of testing such horses for ECoV in feces. The various prevalence factors associated with ECoV qPCR-positive status likely relate to the high infectious nature of ECoV and breed-specific differences in management and husbandry practices.Significance of findingsECoV infection should be suspected and tested for in horses presenting with acute onset of fever, lethargy and anorexia with no respiratory signs. A two-step approach should be consider in which respiratory secretions and feces should be collected from such horses and submitted to a diagnostic laboratory. If the respiratory secretions test negative by qPCR for a panel of respiratory pathogens, feces already submitted to the laboratory should be tested for ECoV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Frequency of molecular detection of equine coronavirus in faeces and nasal secretions in 277 horses with acute onset of fever

et al. 2019

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“…8,9 While adult horses remain susceptible to infections with EHV-1, EHV-4, EIV, and ERBV, the clinical expression of disease is often milder or remains subclinical, especially in vaccinated horses. [10][11][12][13] Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a well-recognized nosocomial pathogen in human and veterinary medicine that has also been identified as a zoonotic pathogen. Although the majority of carriers of MRSA remain asymptomatic, nasal colonization can result in an increased likelihood of clinical infection in susceptible animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Shedding of Selected Respiratory Pathogens in Healthy Horses Presented for Routine Dental Care

Pusterla

Rice²,

Henry³

et al. 2020

J Vet Dent

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The main objective of the study was to determine the frequency of detection of selected infectious respiratory viruses and bacteria in healthy horses presented over a 12-month period for routine dental care at 2 veterinary hospitals. Nasal secretions were collected from 579 horses and tested for equine herpesviruses (EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4, EHV-5), equine influenza virus (EIV), equine rhinitis A and B viruses (ERAV, ERBV), Streptococcus equi subspecies equi ( S equi), S equi subspecies zooepidemicus ( S zooepidemicus), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using routine diagnostic quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. True respiratory pathogens (EHV-1, EHV-4, EIV, ERBV, and MRSA) were detected in 129 (22%) of the horses. Commensal respiratory pathogens (EHV-2, EHV-5, and S zooepidemicus) were detected in 515 (89%) of the study horses. ERAV and S equi were not detected in any of the study horses. The horses showed statistical differences between the 2 veterinary hospitals in regard to breed, age, presence of nasal discharge, rectal temperature, and detection of true and commensal respiratory pathogens. The data generated from the present study supports the risk for the transmission of true and commensal respiratory pathogens from subclinical shedders to susceptible horses. Equine veterinarians performing routine dental care should engage in routine biosecurity practices, with the goal to reduce disease spread.

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“…A characteristic of EHV is their ability to establish latency after a period of viraemia, when viruses persist subclinically in the host. In fact, latency in the trigeminal ganglia for EHV-1 and EHV-4 [ 5 ] and the lymphotropism of EHV-1, EHV-4, and EHV-2 were previously described [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Unfortunately, reactivation of latent virus, often as a result of a stress (transport, competition, immunosuppressive drugs, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine PBMC Cytokines Profile after In Vitro α- and γ-EHV Infection: Efficacy of a Parapoxvirus Ovis Based-Immunomodulator Treatment

et al. 2017

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Equine herpesviruses (EHV) infect horses early during life and the persistence of these viruses through establishment of latency represents a real risk. A better understanding of the immune response to EHV infection is necessary to improve our methods of prevention and decrease the risk of transmission. The objectives of this study were to characterise the cytokine gene expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after in vitro EHV-1, EHV-4, and EHV-2 infection and to determine the efficacy of inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (iPPVO) against these 3 viruses. PBMC were isolated from 3 horses and infected in vitro with EHV-1, EHV-4, or EHV-2 in the presence or absence of iPPVO. In vitro culture of PBMC with EHV-1, EHV-4, and iPPVO induced a significant increase of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ gene expression. EHV-4 also triggered a significant increase of IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA. EHV-2 triggered a significant increase of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA. The presence of iPPVO induced an earlier and stronger expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ mRNA during EHV infection and reduced the inflammatory response induced by EHV-2. In conclusion, this study suggests that the presence of iPPVO potentiates the development of the immune response to in vitro EHV infection.

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Molecular Detection of Equine Herpesvirus Types 1 and 4 Infection in Healthy Horses in Isfahan Central and Shahrekord Southwest Regions, Iran

Cited by 16 publications

References 22 publications

Frequency of molecular detection of equine coronavirus in faeces and nasal secretions in 277 horses with acute onset of fever

Frequency of molecular detection of equine coronavirus in faeces and nasal secretions in 277 horses with acute onset of fever

Investigation of the Shedding of Selected Respiratory Pathogens in Healthy Horses Presented for Routine Dental Care

Equine PBMC Cytokines Profile after In Vitro α- and γ-EHV Infection: Efficacy of a Parapoxvirus Ovis Based-Immunomodulator Treatment

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