Molecular Characterization of
            <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
            Bloodstream Isolates Collected in a Dutch University Hospital between 1999 and 2006

Nulens, Eric; Stobberingh, Ellen E.; Dessel, Helke van; Sebastian, Silvie; Tiel, Frank H. van; Beisser, Patrick S.; Deurenberg, Ruud H.

doi:10.1128/jcm.00808-08

Cited by 42 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…28 In previous studies in the Netherlands, approximately 50% of the S. aureus isolated from several patient populations had a genetic background common to major MRSA clones. 11,26 The high percentage (72%) of S. aureus with an MRSA genotype observed in this study was unexpected, and no explanation for this phenomenon could be found. Recently, Nubel et al showed that MRSA evolution occurs more often than one might expect.…”

Section: Comparison With Existing Literaturementioning

confidence: 40%

“…It has been shown that spa typing, together with BURP, yields results that are concordant with typing results obtained by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). 11 The associated MLST-CCs were allocated through the Ridom SpaServer. (http://spaserver.ridom.de).…”

Section: Genotypic Determinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 The spa types were clustered into spa clonal complexes (spa-CC) using the algorithm 'based upon repeat pattern' (BURP) with Ridom StaphType software (version 1.5; http://www.ridom.de/staphtype/). The default settings recommended by the manufacturer were used.…”

Section: Genotypic Determinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Staphylococcus aureuscarriage among GPs in the Netherlands

Rijnders

Nys²,

Driessen³

et al. 2010

Br J Gen Pract

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Observational, point-prevalence, and cross-sectional study. SettingGPs attending the annual conference of the Dutch College of General Practitioners in 2006. MethodNasal swabs were randomly taken from 395 GPs and analysed for the presence of S. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by a microbroth dilution method and the genotypes by spa typing, which was associated with multilocus sequence typing. ResultsOf the GPs, 129/395 (33%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 28 to 37%) were carriers of S. aureus. No meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was found. Resistance was observed to penicillin (71%; 95% CI = 63 to 79%), fusidic acid (7%; 95% CI = 3 to 13%), and clarithromycin (6%; 95% CI = 3 to 12%). In 72% of the isolates, an MRSA-related genotype of S. aureus was found. ConclusionThe low antibiotic resistance found among S. aureus of GPs suggests that GPs are not a reservoir of antibioticresistant S. aureus strains. The relatively high resistance to fusidic acid, which has not previously been described in the Netherlands and is mostly because of antibiotic use, suggests that patients infect GPs and not the other way round. GPs may be at risk for nasal carriage of S. aureus with an MRSA-related genotype.

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Section: Comparison With Existing Literaturementioning

confidence: 40%

Section: Genotypic Determinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Staphylococcus aureuscarriage among GPs in the Netherlands

Rijnders

Nys²,

Driessen³

et al. 2010

Br J Gen Pract

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“…As was the case for MRSA, MSSA isolates with a CC5 genetic background mostly belonged to SmaI PFGE subclusters G1 and G2 and were of either ST5 or ST125; CC30 isolates fell into SmaI PFGE cluster B and were of ST30; and ST47 and ST45, both members of CC45, were separated by SmaI PFGE into clusters A and D. Four successful MSSA lineages different from the major MRSA clones, namely, CC12, CC15 (PFGE clusters F and E), CC51, and CC59 (each with one sporadic isolate), were also detected. Isolates of these four lineages have been observed in both nosocomial and community settings in different countries (1,18,19,44,54,57). Finally, it is worth noting that, like in other studies (4,20), a good concordance between typing by SmaI PFGE, spa type, and MLST type was found for the HUCA isolates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Clonal Complexes and Diversity of Exotoxin Gene Profiles in Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Patients in a Spanish Hospital

et al. 2009

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Molecular epidemiology studies have allowed the identification of the methicillin (meticillin)-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) clonal complexes (CCs) and clones of, and CC59 were also detected. Many exotoxin genes were present in each of the 81 isolates, independent of whether they were involved in sepsis (11 to 22) or other types of infections (13 to 21), and they appeared in 73 combinations. The relevant data are that (i) all isolates were positive for hemolysin and leukotoxin genes (98.8% for lukED and 25.9% for lukPV); (ii) all contained an enterotoxin gene cluster (egc with or without seu), frequently with one or more genes encoding classical enterotoxins; (iii) about half were positive for tst and 95% were positive for exfoliatin-encoding genes (eta, etb, and/or etd); and (iv) the four agr groups were detected, with agrII (55.6%) and agrIII (23.5%) being the most frequent. Taken together, results of the present study suggest a frequent acquisition and/or loss of exotoxin genes, which may be mediated by efficient intralineage transfer of mobile genetic elements and exotoxin genes therein and by eventual breakage of interlineage barriers.Staphylococcus aureus is both a commensal bacterium and an extremely versatile pathogen that causes a wide range of diseases in humans, including superficial, deep-seated, and systemic infections, as well as a variety of toxemic syndromes, such as toxic shock syndrome (TSS), staphylococcal scaldedskin syndrome (SSSS), and staphylococcal food poisoning (36). S. aureus produces a wide range of virulence factors that mediate host colonization, invasion of damaged skin and mucosa, dissemination through the body, and evasion of host defense mechanisms (8,12). Relevant among them are a variety of exotoxins that comprise ␣-, ␤-, ␥-, and ␦-hemolysins, leukotoxins (the classical LukS-PV-LukF-PV Panton-Valentine leukocidin [LukPV], LukE-LukD [LukED] and LukM-LukFЈ-PV [LukM]), exfoliative toxins, and pyrogenic toxin superantigens, such as the staphylococcal TSS toxin (TSST-1, first referred to as SEF) and staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) (14,29,43). Five major serological types of SEs, SEA through SEE (known as classical enterotoxins, encoded by the sea to see genes, respectively) have been initially identified. However, new types of SEs and their coding genes (seg through seu) were later reported. Several SE genes (seg, sei, sem, sen, and seo) are part of an operon termed the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc

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“…Following amplification, the PCR products were purified using a QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, The Netherlands). Sequencing of the PCR products was performed as described previously (40). The corresponding sequence types (STs) were obtained from the MLST database accessible via http://www.mlst.net.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%