Molecular Characterization of a Novel Botulinum Neurotoxin Type H Gene

Abstract

We sequenced the 2 botulinum toxin gene clusters of Clostridium botulinum strain IBCA10-7060 type Bh. The sequence of bont/H differed substantially from the sequences of the 7 known bont genes for toxin types A-G. The 5' one-third terminus of bont/H that codes for the botulinum toxin light chain differed markedly from the light chain coding sequences of toxin types A-G. The 3' two-thirds terminus of bont/H that codes for the botulinum toxin heavy chain contained a novel Hn translocation domain coding sequence and a nonneutralizing type A-like Hc binding domain coding sequence. bont/H was part of an orfX toxin gene cluster that was located at a unique chromosomal site distant from those used by other botulinum toxin gene clusters. The bont/B sequence was similar to that of subtype bont/B2 and was located within its ha toxin gene cluster at the oppA/brnQ site. Our findings further establish that C. botulinum IBCA10-7060 produces novel BoNT/H.

Oral Application of Charcoal and Humic acids to Dairy Cows Influences Clostridium botulinum Blood Serum Antibody Level and Glyphosate Excretion in Urine

“…Antibody reduction was constant from week 4 to 24; however, four weeks after finishing supplementation (week 26), CD antibodies increased. Figure 2: Dynamics of C. botulinum ABE antibodies in blood serum in relation to the daily application of 400 g charcoal (weeks 1-4), 200 g CC (weeks 5-10), 200 g CC+500 ml sauerkraut juice (SJ) (weeks [11][12][13][14], 120 g humic acid (HA) (weeks 15-18), 200 g CC +100 mL Aquahumin(AH) (weeks [19][20], 100 g CC +50 mL Aquahumin(AH) (weeks [21][22], and without supplementation (weeks [23][24][25][26]. There was a significant reduction of antibody levels with a daily supplementation of charcoal or humic acids beginning from week 6 (P<0.01 for week 6, P<0.001 for weeks 8-24, and P<0.05 for week 26.…”

“…There was a significant reduction of antibody levels with a daily supplementation of charcoal or humic acids beginning from week 6 (P<0.01 for week 6, P<0.001 for weeks 8-24, and P<0.05 for week 26. [11][12][13][14], 120 g humic acid (HA) (weeks 15-18), 200 g CCl +100 mL Aquahumin(AH) (weeks [19][20], 100g CC +50 mL AH (weeks [21][22] and without supplementation (weeks 23-26) on the dynamic of C. botulinum CD antibodies in blood serum. There was a significant reduction in antibody levels from daily supplementation with charcoal and humicacids (P<0.01 and P<0.001) for weeks 14-24.…”

“…botulinum is an ubiquitous Gram-positive, spore forming, obligatory anaerobic bacterium that inhabits soil, dust and organic matter such as feces of animals and man, slaughterhouse wastes, residues of biogas plants, and bio-compost. It generates eight highly toxic neurotoxin isoforms (BoNT A-H) that are the most toxic substances known [7][8][9][10][11][12]. All isoforms, together with the related tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) secreted by C. tetani, are Zn2+-endoproteases.…”

Botulism in ruminants in Brazil

“…Types C and D are mainly responsible for botulism in animals, with few cases being caused by the remaining types (LOBATO et al, 1988;LOBATO et al, 2008;LOBATO et al, 2013). Type H has been recently described, but no animal intoxications have yet been reported (DOVER et al, 2014 bond. Following their ingestion by animals, the botulinum toxins resist proteolytic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, are absorbed by the intestinal mucosa, and act on neuromuscular junctions.…”

Molecular diversity of Clostridium botulinum and phenotypically similar strains

“…The anaerobe produces the most potent toxins in the environment, botulinum toxins (BoNTs). Eight serotypes (A-H) of C. botulinum are recognized on the basis of different antigenic properties of their respective toxins (Dover et al 2014). Clostridium botulinum strains are divided into four distinct metabolic groups (I-IV) based on biochemical properties (Hatheway 1990, Saeed 2004.…”